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CHAPTER 14 Unification of World Trade (Russia's Empire Under Peter the…
CHAPTER 14
Unification of World Trade
Key Topics:
Capitalism
Spain & Portugal
Protestant Reformation (we already covered in notes)
Trade Systems
Peter the Great
Key Terms:
Terms:
Capitalism
-An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state
Mercantilism
-Belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism
Encomienda
-A grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area
Repartimiento
-A colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines
Mita
-Mandatory public service in the society of the Inca Empire. Historians use the Hispanicized term mita to differentiate the system as it was modified and intensified by the Spanish colonial government, creating the encomienda system
Hacienda
-A large estate or plantation with a dwelling house
95 Theses
-A list of propositions for an academic disputation written in 1517 by Martin Luther
Council of Trent
- Council of, the ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church that met at Trent intermittently from 1545 to 1563, and defined church doctrine and condemned the Reformation
Bourse
- a stock market in a non-English-speaking country, especially France.
Huguenot
- A French Protestant of the 16th–17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France
Asiento
-The permission given by the Spanish government to other countries to sell slaves to the Spanish colonies, between the years 1543 and 1834
Balance of Power
-A situation in which nations of the world have roughly equal power
Serf
-An agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate
Hundis
-A financial instrument that developed in Medieval India for use in trade and credit transactions. Hundis are used as a form of remittance instrument to transfer money from place to place, as a form of credit instrument or IOU to borrow money and as a bill of exchange in trade transactions
Samurai
-A member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan, especially a member of the class of military retainers of the daimyos
Chonin
- A social class that emerged in Japan during the early years of the Tokugawa period. The majority of chōnin were merchants, but some were craftsmen, as well
People:
Hernan Cortes
- A Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire.
Adam Smith
-A Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era
Atahuallpa
-Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish.
Charles V
- A ruler of both the Spanish Empire as Charles I from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire as Charles V from 1519, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506
Nzinga Mbembe
-A ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo in the first half of the 16th century. He reigned over the Kongo Empire from 1509 to late 1542 or 1543
Martin Luther
- A German professor of theology, composer, priest, and monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church
Johannes Gutenberg
-A German printer of the fifteenth century, who invented the printing press. Gutenberg also invented the technique of printing with “movable type” — that is, with one piece of type for each letter, so that the type could be reused after a page was printed
John Calvin
- A French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation
Pope Leo X
-Was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521. The second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruler of the Florentine Republic, he was elevated to the cardinalate in 1489
Henry VIII
-King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII
Elizabeth I
- Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last monarch of the House of Tudor
Peter the Great
-A Russian czar of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries who tried to transform Russia from a backward nation into a progressive one by introducing customs and ideas from western European countries
Stepan Razin
- A Cossack leader who led a major uprising against the nobility and tsarist bureaucracy in southern Russia in 1670-1671
Mateo Ricci
-An Italian Jesuit priest and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions. His 1602 map of the world in Chinese characters introduced the findings of European exploration to East Asia
Oda Nobunaga
-A powerful Daimyō of Japan in the late 16th century who attempted to unify Japan during the late Sengoku period. Nobunaga is regarded as one of three unifiers of Japan along with his retainers Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
-A preeminent daimyō, warrior, general, samurai, and politician of the Sengoku period who is regarded as Japan's second "great unifier"
Tokugawa Ieyasu
- The founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which effectively ruled Japan from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868
The Empires of Spain and Portugal:
Ottoman Empire had control over the Eastern Mediterranean Trade
Spain's New World Conquests
Spanish conquered Native American tribes and groups like the Inca Empire
Making the Conquests Pay
Silver Miners has it the worst with low wages and very poor working conditions
Slaves were imported from Africa for sugar cane fields as Native Americans didn't want to do it.
The system was replaced by the repartmiento system which was less humane than the ecomienda
The most valuable american resources were silver gold
The Spanish made the ecomienda system for dealing with American economies
Columbus's voyages opened up many opportunities for the Spanish
Merchant Profits
The Spanish did not have the commercial infrastructure and used outside resources
Warfare and Bankruptcy
Charles V entered war with the Ottoman Empire and made Spain become bankrupt
Regions of Europe were owned by specific families
Charles V had alienated himself from the Spaniards
Portugal's Empire:
Isabella and Ferdinand created a modern Spain with Portugal being separate except for a sixty year span
Portugal in Africa
Portugal remained in coastal areas and trading posts
Portugal did venture inland and converted the Kongo people Christian
Portugal went to the West coast of Africa to obtain laborers for their plantations
They established an outpost on Mozambique island and on the Zambezi River
Portugal in Brazil
Portugal headed towards India but eventually landed in Brazil after being blown off course
Brazil had gold and diamonds which ran out by mid 1700s
Portugal in the Indian Ocean
Portugal's own type of piracy and trading helped give the nation a reputation of violence
Portugal could not maintain success and became a minor power
Portugal was still interested in Asia
Evaluating the Spanish and the Portuguese Empires
France, England, and the Netherlands overtook Spain and Portugal as powers by the 1600s
Spain and Portugal were more successful and their influences on South America still remain.
The Expansion of Europe and the Birth of Capitalism:
Capitalism by 1500 due to emerges during exploration and trade
Capitalism is not a free market as they would persuade the government for support
West European groups had mercantilism principles (the government should control trade
Economics and Politics became closely intertwined
Western Europe has a restructuring of public life due to the over sea trade
Regions had different reactions to the Europeans made trading system
Trade and Region in Western Europe: The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation:
Catholic and Protestants were involved in warfare that divided Europe
The Reformation
Ruler sin Germany protected him after he was excommunicated from the church
John Calvin also spoke of reform and denied the authority of the church
Martin Luther had criticized the church for the wealth it made and Believed in faith and grace alone for success
The reform movements united and were called the Protestant Reformation
Catholicism was popular and powerful in West & Central Europe
The Catholic Reformation (the Counter-Reformation)
Catholic Church made to Council of Trent to counter Protestants
New nation states encouraged Protestants much to Catholics dismay
The Dutch Republic , France, and England
Spanish Defeats
Queen Elizabeth I sided with the rebels and helped destroy the Spanish along with a storm nicknamed "The Protestant Wind"
Netherlands emerged as a rising power after gaining its independence
Netherlands became tired of Spanish rule and expelled them
The Dutch Republic: Seaborne Merchant Empire
Dutch had the most efficient economic system in Europe
They also built the most sea worthy but economical ships during the time and dominated shipping
The dutch stock exchange (Bourse) opened in the mid 1500s in Amsterdam
Profits from the Dutch East India Company greatly supported the Netherlands
Dutch traders reached Japan and lived off of an island near Nagasaki even when others were forced to stop trading
The Dutch West Indies Companies made their own sugar plantations off of Spanish and Portuguese land
Dutch couldn't remain supreme and was too small to compete with larger countries
France and Britain
UK and France overtook Dutch for dominance in World trade
France: Consolidating the Nation
Louis XIV (aka Under the Sun King) had a long yet powerful reign
Louis XIV had the power of the state and only he could control it
Huguenots (Catholics and Protestant sin France helped to fuel the four decades of the civil war
Louis XIV's adviser perused mercantilism and helped to facilitate trade
Growth of French Military disturbed the balance of power in the region
Britain: Establishing Commercial Supremacy
UK won the Asiento form Spain
The Caribbean, Slave cargoes, and control of outposts were prized
France and UK commonly fought for dominance and had many wars
France lost holdings while UK still dominated the Atlantic and Indian Ocean
Britain surpassed other countries economically and became a nation state with a capitalist based economy
Diverse Cultures, Diverse Trade Systems:
Ottomans and Mughals
Mughal Emperor brought change in Indian Trade Economies
Indian traders had some Independence form politics and were the support system for India's business
Ottomans didn't control their own trade and profits
Indian businessmen traveled which was very hard for the government to control effectively
Ottomans and Mughals declined by 1700 from over extension, weak administration, and lack of military attention
Ming and Qing Dynasties in China
Western trade was limited as missionaries converted people to Christianity
Chinese made porcelain, iron, silk and more and their economy expanded
Ming Dynasty favored an internal economy and defending of borders
Private Sea-going trade flourished again in Southeast Asia but the quality of the dynasty diminished by 1600s
The Qing dynasty established Canton system restricting Europeans traders from that area
Internal markets in China, Spices of India and Spice Island attracted the Europeans
Tokugawa Japan
Besides contact with Korea, Japan lived in Isolation after converts appeared
The isolation didn't weaken Japan and it had agricultural success and it was unified.
Japan experienced both economic and religious influences from Europe
The Samurai warriors and the Chonin benefited from this
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia was a great trading area and was highly prized
Local rulers made commercial agreements for themselves and not always the communities
Russia's Empire Under Peter the Great:
Peter I came to power and created a strong Russian army and navy
Peter built St. Petersburg as a Western city for European interaction
Many of the population were serfs (agricultural workers)
Swedes invaded again but Russia defeated them with help of the Russian winter
Ivan III overthrew the Mongols in 1480 and Russia became an independent state
He wanted Russia to become a power like France and the UK
Peter encouraged the creation of new empires but heavily taxed the poor in the process
Peter created a new administration headed b him and created a new state service along with a new government
He Strengthened the economy but tortured the poor in the process
Peter established a strong central administration, commercial enterprise, powerful military and more
Catherine the Great took the throne and expanded Russia's borders
Russia had little contact with European markets
The Nation-State:
Nation States cared for the economic welfare of their people and follow either capital or mercantilism beliefs
Many societies feared these nation states
They had efficient central governments that helped keep political and social order
Nation States grew and dissolved during this time
The Influence of World Trade: What difference do they make?
Trade heart was no longer the Indian Ocean
Powerful empires existed in Asia
New trade networks opened up across the Atlantic Ocean