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Biology Section 4: Ecology and Environment (COMPLETED) (A (The Organism in…

- - - - Number of individuals in a particular species.
    - - Populations of different species interacting.
    - - The area where a population lives.
    - - A community in a particular habitat made up of different populations interacting with in the habitat.
    - - A square of around a meter takes a sample from a area and the populations are counted.
      - This can be repeated many times before being multiplyed out as if it were the complete area of the land.
      - Two different samples can be put in two separate areas and the sampling done for both will estimate population for both areas.
      - A sample square is taken at random.
      - The number of a population in that square is taken.
      - This is repeated in different areas and compared to show where populations are dense and not.
- - - - Producer
        
        turns light energy into chemical energy
      - Primary consumer
        
        eats the producer and gains its energy
      - Further consumers
        
        e.g secondary consumer, eats primary consumer
      - decomposers
        
        break down living matter and recycle the nutrients
    - - Food Chain
        
        A food chain shows the transfer of energy up the food chain beginning with the producers then the primary consumers and so forth.
      - Food Web
        
        A food web links several animals within a habitat showing what consumes what and is consumed by what.
      - Pyramid
        
        A pyramid of number progresses through the trophic levels of a food chain representing the number of each species by the area of the pyramid block.
      - biomass pyramid
        
        A pyramid of biomass represents the mass of each consumer (and producer) by the area of a pyramid block.
      - energy pyramid
        
        A pyramid of energy shows the transfer of energy through the food chain.
    - - As one thing consumes another the energy and other things inside it- for example fat and vitamins- get transferred to the consumer. If you eat a fatty piece of beef you get the fat from the cow.
      - The reason why not all of the energy (only 10%) will make it to the next tropic level is that some of it will be used up on the level it is at.
      - The energy is used for the life processes of the animal that it is in.
- - - - Evaporation
        
        Evaporation is when water turns into steam due to being heated
      - Transpiration
        
        Transpiration is when water is evaporated from leaves
      - Condensation
        
        Condensation is when water vapour turns into water due to being cooled, this forms clouds
      - Precipitation
        
        Precipitation is when water is released from a cloud, e.g. rain, snow, hail
    - - Respiration
        
        Respiration is carried out by animals and plants to release energy from glucose,
        
        C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O .
        
        This means carbon is produced.
      - Photosynthesis
        
        Photosynthesis is what plants do to create glucose
        
        6 CO2 + 12 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O.
        
        This means carbon is used.
      - Decomposition
        
        Decomposition is happens when an animal dies, it is then eaten by a decomposer which releases the carbon in it back into the atmosphere.
      - Combustion
        
        Combustion is burning, if something with carbon is burnt it will release it into the atmosphere, e.g. a tree, fossil fuel.
    - - Nitrogen fixing bacteria turn nitrogen from N2 into ammonia.
      - Decomposers break down dead animals, urea and egested materials which releases nitrogen into the soil as ammonia.
      - Nitrifying bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen.
      - Denitrifying bacteria break down nitrates into nitrogen which is then released into the atmosphere.