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Ancient Ireland (The Celts and the Iron Age (Food (Got meet from cattle,…

- - - - By 300BC language and culture was widespread through Ireland
  - - - King or ri ruled each tuatha
      - King was elected by the royal family (derbhfine)
    - - Aos Dána
        
        Judges
        
        Druids
        
        Filí
  - - - An area enclosed by a circular earthen back
      - Farmers built houses of wattle and daub walls with thatched roofs inside in the ring fort
      - Examples
        
        All over Ireland
        
        Place-named with rath, lios or clan indicated that a ring fort was found in the locality
      - Some ring forts had souterrains which were underground storage areas under a house in the ring fort
    - - An artificial lake dwelling
      - Farmers built an artificial island with a house on top of it
      - Boots were used to travel between the lakeshore and the crennóg
      - Examples
        
        Many examples in the lakes of midlands of Ireland
    - - Surrounded by very large circular earthen banks, similar to ring forts but much wider
      - Built on prominent hills and were used mainly for religious ceremonies
      - Examples
        
        Hill of Tara, Co. Meath
        
        Naven Fort, Co. Armagh
    - - Built on headland or cliff edges
      - surrounded by earthen or stone banks
      - Used for religious ceremonies
      - Examples
        
        Dún Aengus in the Aron Islands
  - - - Axes
      - Swords
      - Spear heads
      - Arrow heads
    - - Ornaments
  - - - Consisted of spirals, curved lines and floral
      - Examples
        
        Turoe Stone, Co. Galway
- - - - Mined near Mount Gabriel Co. Cork and Killarney Co. Kerry
    - - Imported from mines in Cornwall in England
  - - - Walls were made of wattle and daub
      - The roof was thatched
      - Timber fence with earth bank surrounded the house for protection
  - - - Wheat and oats were used to make bread and porridge
      - Grain was ground on a saddle stone
      - Cattle provided meat
      - rivers and lakes were a source of fish
      - Cooking
        
        Bronze couldrons
        
        Cooking spit (fulacht fiadh)
  - - - Hole was dug in the ground and lined with timber or flat stone
      - The hole was filled with water
      - Large stones were heated in a fire and put into the water to boil
      - Meat was wrapped in straw and places in the water until cooked
  - - - Examples
        
        Lunulae
        
        Sun disk
        
        Torcs
        
        Necklaces
        
        Bracelets
  - - - Swords
      - Axes
      - Spearheads
      - Arrowheads
    - - Lunulae
      - Sundisk
      - Torcs
      - Necklaces
  - - - Rectangular pit dug in the ground and lined with stone slabs
      - Single body was buried in a crouched position
      - Grave goods such as food, arrow heads, beads and pins were placed in the grave as well
    - - Built with a large flat stones on the sides and a capstone on top
      - Named because they were wedge-shaped
      - The entrance was wider and higher than the back
    - - Tall stone laid in a line, circle or on their own
      - Used
        
        Religious ceremonies
        
        To mark burial sites
- - - - Cleared forest to create small farms
      - Used wooden ploughs in the field
      - Grow crops
        
        Wheat
        
        Barley
      - Domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep, goats and dogs
      - Made permanent settlements
  - - - Lough Gur, Co. Limerick
      - The Boyne Valley, Co. Meath
      - The Céide Fields, Co. Mayo
  - - - Interwoven sticks
    - - Mud that covered the sticks
  - - - Ploughing the small fields
      - Cutting corn
      - Grinding the corn on a sadde stone
      - Minding cattle and sheep
  - - - Semi-circular court in front of the entrance leading into a passage and a burial chamber
      - Was covered with large mound of stones
      - Bodies were cremated and the ashes were placed in pots in the burial chamber
      - Example
        
        Creevykeel court cairn, Co. Sligo
    - - Three large upright stones and a large capstone on top
      - Tomb was covered with a mound of stones
      - Example
        
        Poulnabrone portal dolmen, Co. Clare
    - - Long passage leading into a burial chamber
      - Were sometimes built together in a cemetery
      - In Newgrange the rays og the rising sun on 21 December shine through a box in the roof to reach the burial chamber inside
      - Example
        
        Newgramge, Dowth and Knowth in the Boyne Vally, Co. Meath
  - - - Storing food
      - Cooking
- - - - Lived in houses made of light branches covered with skins grass, leaves or plants
      - There was a hearth or fireplace in the centre of the house (hut)
    - - People were hunter gatherers
        
        Hunted boar, duck and pigeon
        
        Caught fish
        
        Gathered berries and nuts
      - Cooked on a cooking spit
      - Lived a nomadic lifestyle
        
        Moved from place to place
    - - Weapons were made out of stone
        
        Stone axes were used to cut trees
        
        Spears and arrows had sharp flint stones on top
        
        Skin were cleaned with scrapres
        
        Skins were stitched with bone needles
  - - - Mount Sandal, Co. Derry
      - LOugh Boora, Co. Offaly
- - - - Large
      - Small and remote
    - - The church
      - The abbot's house
      - The refectory (for eating)
      - The scriptorium (for coping manuscripts)
      - The cells for each of the monks
      - Larger monastery's had a round tower
        
        Food storage
        
        Protection from atttacks
  - - - Scribes worked in the scriptorium copy manuscripts to create hand-written books
      - Examples
        
        The Cathack
        
        The Book od Kells
      - Used
        
        Quills (feathers) to write with
        
        Vellum (calfskin) or parchment (sheepskin) to write on
    - - Monks produced silver chalices, crosiers and brooches and gold wiring (filigree)
      - Examples
        
        Ardagh Chalice
        
        Derrynaflan Chalice
    - - Carved high stone crossed which had scenes from the Bible and lives of saints
      - Examples
        
        St Muireadech's High Cross, Monasterboise, Co. Louth
    - - Some monks went abroad and founded monasteries in Britain and on the continent
      - Examples
        
        St Columcile went to the remote island of Iona in Scotland
        
        St Columbous founded monasteries in France and Italy