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DS2: Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934? (COMPLETED) (The SA…
DS2: Why was Hitler able to dominate Germany by 1934? (COMPLETED)
How did Hitler gain control of the (NS)DAP (Nazi party)
July 1919, Hitler becomes German intelligence officer
he is tasked with infiltrating the DAP
Hitler approves of the party's views and joins
Hitler joins the DAP in September 1919
Drexler ( leader of DAP) realises Hitler's talent for speaking
Drexler invites Hitler to be Party minister for propaganda
1920
Hitler helps to write the 25 point programme and designs the party banner
Discharged from the army in March 1920 and joins NSDAP full time
Party renamed NSDAP in april,
Hitler runs the Nazi newspaper, publishing anti-semetic messages
Hitler gains support and replaces Drexler as party leader in 1921, and moved the headquarters to Munich
What changes in German society did the Nazis want in 1920
the only wanted true Germans to live in Germany
Jews would be excluded
Old age pensioners and war veterans would be generously cared for by the state
Gifted children would receive state education
communism would be destroyed
What was the SA
Para-military organization
formed by Hitler in 1921
responsible for:
removing disruptive people from nazi meetings
disrupting the meetings of political opponents
beat up communists
headed by Ernst Rohm
The SA attracted young men because
offered a sense of comunity
gave them a wage
gave them a uniform, an identity
many admired the discipline and structure
a thirst for blood
The SA, after the night of the long knives
encouraged to continue to attack Jews/ political opponents/ communists
in-charge of the jungenblund
forerunner of the Hitler youth
Why did the Munich Putsch take place?
Hitler wanted to take down the Weinmar goverment
appeared an ideal time
weak from economic crisis
had just ended passive resistance
the german people were angry at hyperinflation and wanted change
Hitler wanted to work with Ludendorf to take control
believed ludendorf would be able to convince the German army to desert and pledge their support to Hitler against the government
the Bavarian government was already right wing
its leaders Von Kahr and Von lossow had already been plotting against the government
Hitler felt sure they would support him
Mussolini had just successfully overthrown the Italian government, this inspired Hitler
How did the events of the Munich Putsch unfold?
Von Kahr was speaking to Bavarian officials in a beer hall ( 8th November)
The SA surounded the building and Hitler stormed in, anoucing he was taking control
Von Kahr was forced to pledge his support
Von Kahr escaped and informed the authorities
on the 9th
3000 men, as well as Hitler and Ludendorf, marched on Munich
armed police confronted the march, killing 16 and injuring Hitler who fled in a car
Hitler was arrested and charged with treason, 5 years prison.
he used his trial to create more press for the NSDAP
He only served nine months of his sentence and used the time to write Mein Kampf
Why did the Putsch fail?
Hitler overestimated his support
he was mistaken about ludendorf's influence
the army remained loyal
the Bavarian leaders didn't support him
he miscalculated the mood of the German people
they offered little support
Why was the Putsch important for the NSDAP?
Showed that the SA were still weak
meant that force was no longer a viable option
Gave Hitler national recognition
more support for NSDAP
allowed Hitler time to write Mein Kampf, which would publish his movement for all
The SA and NSDAP under Stressenman
Hitler in prison
Hitler realises that the democratic approach is best
organised recruitment drives
increased membership to 100,000
created a network of local Nazi party's
set up Nazi youth and Nazi students league
in 1925, the ban on the party is lifted
enlarge the SA in 1925
bringing in ex-serviceman
set up the hardcore SA - the SS
employed Josef Goebbels as minister for propaganda
started to put up candidates for Reichstag election
set up Nazi unions
launch a series of millitary style rallies and parades
in 1926, re-adopt the 25 points
Aims and beliefs of the Nazis in the 1920's
anti -semetic
wanted abolition of ToV
wanted to reunite Austraia
only true Germans allowed to live in Germany
Hitler's ideas in Mein Kampf and other writings
Nationalism
Foreign policy
expansionism
lebensraum (living space)
re-armament
unite all Germans
Racism/ discrimination
The fuhrerprinzip
sole and strong leader
Who voted for the NSDAP in 1924-29?
Farmers
the nazis offered help and protection
middle class buisness owners
wanted change after being hit by hyperinflation
conservative middle classes
wanted a return to the old weimar
Why did the Nazis struggle to gain support prior to 1930
Munich Putsch
made the party look aggressive and violent
the party was banned
Stresseman offered a time of security and safety
no need for extreme views
most workers supported the left wing
and the party didn't appeal to them
How did the great depression help the NSDAP?
the Weinmar government failed to make strong decisions
Hitler's Fuhrerprinzip offered this
the ToV reperations continued to cripple the German economy
Hitler proposed to get rid of these
Germany had high unemployment rates
Hitler promised jobs in the arms industry and army
Hitler made scapegoats
Jews
allies
weinmar government
What did Hitler and the NSDAP promise the people in the 1930's?
A strong Germany
a traditional Germany
defeat communism
remove reparations
strong leadership
full employment
uphold capitalism
abolish Tov
regain territory
punish those who stabbed Germany in the back
give pride back to Germany
deal with "the Jewish problem"
Why did the Nazi's do well in elections
Electoral tactics
catchy, generalised slogans
emphasis on unity
emphasis on traditional values
identifying scapegoats
Propaganda
impressive rallies
impressive discipline and structure
helped farmers etc
Hitler
powerful orator
dynamic man, with modern ideas
understood ordinary Germans
negative cohesion
people voted for the Nazi's to prevent the communists gaining powers, common enemies rather than friends
weak government
indecisive
squabbling
threat of communism
return to tradition
How did Hitler become chancellor in 1933?
Hitler challenged Hindenburg in the presidential elections in march 1932, though Hitler lost it generated a lot of press
the Nazis took the most seats in the Reichstag
but Hindenburg refused to appoint Hitler Chancellor, appointing Von Papen instead
Papen commanded no support in the Reichstag so Hindenburg appointed Von Schleicher
Von Papen went to Hitler and joined forces
Von Schleicher appealed to Hindenburg to grant him emergency powers and turn Germany back into a military dictatorship. The scandal was exposed Von Schleicher forced to resign
Hitler, with the support of Von Papen becomes chancellor
Papen persuaded Hindenburg that Hitler could be controlled
Why did Hitler become Chancellor
skilled public speaker
propaganda
support of big industries
support of farmers
popular among military leaders
admired by ordinary Germans
offered a new option and hope
jobs
stability
scapegoating
death of stresseman
Wall street crash and great depression
targeted the faults in the government
How did Hitler change from Chancellor to dictator
February 1933: The Reichstag fire
the Reichstag destroyed
Hitler used it as an opportunity to intensify anti-communist feelings
on the night of the fire, 4,000 leading communists arrested and imprisoned.
Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to grant Hitler emergency powers
allowed Hitler to
search houses
imprison people without trial
confiscate property
allowed hitler to remove communist parties from reichstag
March 1933: the enabling act
Hitler bullied it through the Reichstag
it enabled him to
pass laws without consulting the Reichstag
ignore the existing constitution
sign agreements with foreign countries
remove democracy
abolish rival parties/ trade unions
Didn't have to ask for emergency powers
1933-1934: The Nazi Revolution
Hitler purged the courts, civil service and education system, of political opponents and Jews
trade unions banned, workers forced to join the German labour Front
Confiscated property ad funds of all political opponents
state/ regional government abolished
opponents imprisoned or kicked out of Germany
June 1934: The Night of the Long knives
Why?
the violent reputation of the SA embarrassed Hitler
Hitler saw Rohm as a threat to his position
Rohm had left wing views which could lose Hitler the support of big businesses
Rohm saw the SA as the future German army, but Hitler believed that this would lose him the armies support
What happened?
on the 30th June 1934 Hitler and the SS arrested Rohm and other key SA leaders, over the next 4 days leaders were arrested and shot
The SS killed between 200 and 400 of the SA
both Rohm and strasser were killed, as well as Von Schleicher
The remaining SA joined the SS and the army pledged its full alliance to Hitler
August 1934: The death of Hindenburg
Hitler combined the offices of chancellor and president and became supreme leader
The army pledged their loyalty to him
Hitler began re-armament and re-introduced conscription
Hitler made plans for an expansionist foreign policy