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PE:physiology and anatomy (a synovial joint (fluid filled space between…
PE:physiology and anatomy
bones
the skleleton
functions
support
movement
protection
mineral storage
blood cell production
structural shape and points for attachment
structure
allows movement at a joint
provides framework for the muscular system to produce movement
shape/type of bones determine movement
short bones allow fine movement
long bones allow gross movement
flat bones protect vital organs
different joints allow different types of movement
provides a point of attachment for muscles
a synovial joint
fluid filled space between cartialage at the end of bones forming a joint
surrounded by a tough joint capsule lined with synovial membrane
outer layer of capsule includes ligaments that joins bones together and strengthens the joint
bags of synovial fluid (bursae) surround the joint to reduce friction from movement of tedons
different joints
hinge
elbow
flexion
extension
knee
flexion
extension
ankle
plantarflexion
dorsiflexion
ball and socket
shoulder
adduction
abduction
flexin
extension
rotation
hip
flexion
extension
adductin
bduction
rotation
pathway of air
nose/mouth
trachea
bronchi
broichioles
alveoli
diaphram under lungs
in the lungs
gaseous exchange
happens through diffusion
high to low concentration gradient
carbon dioxide from capillary to alveolus
oxygen from alveolus to capillary
blood vessels
veins
carry blood towards the heart
valves prevent backflow of blood
large lumen (internal diameter)
thin walled
no stretch or pulse
capillaries
very narrow, only one red blood cell at a time
thin walls to allow rapid diffusion
huge network of tiny vessels linking arteries and veins
arteries
carry blood away from heart
small lumen (internal diameter)
stretch as blood goes through then returs to norm (pulse)
thick, muscular, elasticated walls
vasoconstriction-elastic muscular walls narrow, constricting blood flow
vasodilation-muscular elastic walls ope, allowing more blood through
structure of the heart
pathway of blood
deoxygenated blood through the vena cava, into right atrium, then right ventricle, then pulmonary artery takes doxygenated blood to lungs where gas exchange happens
pulmonary vein takes oxygenated blood to left atrium, then left ventricle, then out of aorta
cardiac output=stroke volume x heart rate
stroke volume-volume of blood that leaves the heart during one cotraction
cardiac output-volume of blood your heart is able to pump out per min
mechanics of breathing
inspiration
at rest
diaphram contracts/flattens elarging chest cavity, inncreasing lung volume. intercostal muscles ris to raise rib cage
during exercise
pectorals ans sternocleiomastoid help
expiration
at rest
diaphram curves back to shape, decreasing chest cavity size and lung volume, forcing air to be expelled out
during exercise
abdominal muscles help speed it up
spirometer trace
the use of both exercises in practical examples of dif intensities
anaerobic and aerobic exercise
anaerobic
gluecose=energy+lactic acid
aerobic
gluecose+oxygen=energy+co2+water
EPOC
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
after strenuous anaerobic exercise your body must take in extra oxygen to repay the oxygen debt and remove lactic acid
recovery process
ice baths
constricts blood vessels
flushes wast proiducts/lactic acid
reduces swelling and doms
rahydration and rest
replaces lost fluids
cool down
removes lactic acid
reduces potential of doms
sports massage
reduces doms
reduces pain/swelling
immediate effects of exercise
heart beats faster
heart contracts more powerfully
body temp rises
short term effects
nausea
doms
cramps
long term effects
reduce body weight
muscles, tendons, ligaments around joints get stronger
heart beats at a higher rate for a long period of time
