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TROPICAL RAINFORESTS (Indonesia Peatlands (2015 Fires (Deforestation…

- - - - Loggers
      - Slash + burn
      - Pal oil or timber plantations are made
    - - Forestry
      - Agriculture
      - Tourisn + other industries
    - - A gov. agency created to restore peatlands,
      - Paris agreement - president agreed to cut Indonesia's greenhouse gas emissions by 29% by 2030
      - Although 2016 did not see a repeat of 2015, many environments say that this was bc of steady autumn rainfall rather than responses
  - - - Store C
      - Release methane when burned - *20 more potent than CO2
    - - Bribing officials to access 000s hectares of nominally protected land is quicker + cheaper than negotiating with the communities
- - - - High average annual rainfall (>200 mm)
      - High density, convectional rainfall
      - Drier seasons can occur in some areas
      - High interception (10% of rianfall)
      - Intercepted rainfall accounts for 20-25% of all evaporation
    - - High average temps.
      - Small seasonal variations in temps.
      - Sig. clouds cover, so max. temps. don't react that of sub-tropical deserts
    - - 50-60% of precip. is recycled by evapotransp.
      - High rates due to:
        
        High temps.
        
        Abundant moisture
        
        Dense vegetation
      - Strong evapotransp.-precip. feedback loops = high rainfall totals
    - - Rapid runoff bc of high rainfall
    - - Sig. water storage in soil + aquifers bc of rainfall + deep tropical soils
    - - Trees absorb + store water from soil + release it thru transp.
  - - - Impermeable catchments
      - These catchments have mineral water storage capacity = rapid runoff
    - - Most of the basins comprises extensive lowlands
      - Gentle relief areas = overland flow + thru flow to streams + rivers
      - Andes in west = steep catchments and rapid runoff
      - Annual widespread inundation across flood plains
        
        Stores warer for several months
        
        Slows water movements into rivers
    - - High annual temps. = high evapotransp. rates
      - Strong convection causes:
        
        High atmospheric humidity
        
        Development of storm clouds
        
        Intense precip.
      - Water is recycled continuously between land, trees + atmosphere via evap., transp. + precip.
  - - - Much of flood plain was inundated
      - 60 dead
      - 68,000 evacuated
      - Cholera
    - - Deforestation = decreased water storage in
        
        Trees (cut down)
        
        Soils (eroded)
        
        Permeable rocks (more rapid runoff)
        
        Atmosphere
      - Fewer trees = reduced evapotransp. + decreased precip.
      - Runoff has increased = increased flood risks
    - - Most of deforestation was on steep lower slopes of Andes = decreased water storage + rapid runoff
    - - Extract moisture form soils
      - Interception
      - Transpiration
      - Stabalise forest Albedo + ground temps.
      - The above = high atmospheric humidity
- - - - The fact that such poor soils support a biome with the highest NPP + biomass of all terrestrial ecosystems, emphasises the speed of decomposition
  - - - Forest
      - Living organisms
      - Soil
      - Atmosphere
    - - High temps.
      - High rainfall
      - Intense sunlight
  - - - Exhausts the C biomass store
        
        Pasture contains a v small amount of C compared to trees
      - Reduces inputs of organic matter to the soil
    - - Trees are the main nutrient store
      - Rainfall soil contains few essential nutrients - the forest is only sustained by a rapid nutrient cycle
      - Nutrients no longer taken up by tree roots are washed out of soils by rianwater
      - Soils support fewer decomposers = reduced flows of C from soil to atmosphere due to:
        
        C depletion
        
        Sunlight exposure
- - - - High interception rates
      - High evapotransp. rates (bc of interception)
    - - High humidity = reg. local rainfall
    - - Rainfall of the Amazon is imp. in sustaining agriculture beyond the forest