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Utilitarianism (Act Utilitarianism (Bentham (Consequences are calculated…

- - - - Hedonic Calculus
        
        Consists of 7 factors
        
        Intensity: Stronger happiness is better than weaker happiness
        
        Duration: Long lasting pleasure is better than brief.
        
        Certainty: An act that will definitely produce pleasure is better than one that might not
        
        Propinquity: Closer in space and time should take priority
        
        Fecundity: A pleasure leading to more pleasure is of greater value, a pain that leads to more pain is worse.
        
        Purity: A pleasure with no pain mixed in is the greatest pleasure
        
        Extent: The more people sharing the pleasure, the better
      - The action that brings greatest happiness to the most people is 'right'
    - - Consequences have to be anticipated before the action is carried out.
  - - - The greater number of people will always have an advantage when happiness is calculated.
- - - - Becomes the peoples responsibility to follow these rules
    - - Strong: Always stick to these rules
      - Weak: Refers to Act Utilitarianism where needed.
        
        Undermines RU
    - - Higher and Lower pleasures
        
        Mill states there are are higher and lower pleasures:
        
        Lower pleasures (Eg: Alchohol) must be sacrificed in order to achieve higher, more worthwhile pleasures (Eg health)
        
        "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, is of a different opinion, it is only because they only know their own side of the question."
    - - 1) Divides pleasures into higher and lower pleasures to create a focus on self fulfilment and move away from easily quantifiable pleasure.
      - Principles of justie on which we should base rules about maximising happiness:
        
        We work out rules as a group
        
        Everyone is protected by the rules, even those in minority
    - - Weak because there are so many variations
      - Weak RU undermines all RU