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Chapter 6 (Law of effect-if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads…
Chapter 6
Law of effect-if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened. Edward L Thorndike 1913.
Stimulus Generalization- an organism's responding to stimuli other than the original stimulus used in conditioning.
In Classical Conditioning: conditioned response is elicited by new stimulus that resembles original conditioned stimulus.
In Operant Conditioning: responding increases in the presence of new stimulus that resembles original discriminative stimulus.
Stimulus discrimination- an organism's lack of response to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus used in conditioning.
In Classical Conditioning: Conditioned response is not elicited by the new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus
In Operant Conditioning: responding does not increase in the presence of new stimulus that resembles original discriminative stimulus.
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Shaping-consists of reinforcement of closer and closer proximations of a desired response. shaping is necessary when an organism does not emit the desired response on its own
Spontaneous recovery- the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus, observed by Pavlov in 1927.
Elicit-to draw forth, involuntary,ex) dog salivation at the sight of food
emit- to send forth, voluntary ex) mouse hitting a pellet that releases food
Trial-in classical conditioning, consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli
Renewal effect-if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.
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Reinforcement contingencies- the circumstances that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
Primary Reinforcers- events that are inherently reinforceing because they satisfy biological needs ex) for humans, food, water, warmth, sex
Secondary Reinforcers- events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers ex) for humans, money, good grades, attention, flattery, praise
Cumulative Recorder-creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time ex) roll of paper that moves at a steady rate underneath a movable pen. When there is no responding the pen stays still and draws a straight, horizontal line reflecting the passage of time.
Positive Reinforcement- when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presence of a rewarding system
Negative reinforcement- occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
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Schedule of reinforcement- determines which occurrences of a specific response result in presentation of a reinforcer
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Fixed interval- reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has passed
Variable interval- reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has passed
Conditioning
Operant Conditioning- form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences,B.F. Skinner, 1930s, behavior is controlled by consequences.
Negative Reinforcement-taking away something unpleasant as a result of the behavior that is acceptable
ex) a teacher exempting a student from the final exam if he has perfect attendance.
Positive Punishment-used to decrease a behavior and is presenting something unpleasant after the behavior.
ex)When a student misbehaves in class, she receives a time out.
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Negative Punishment-used to decrease a behavior and is removing something pleasant after the behavior.
ex)Kevin trashes his sister’s room and Mom told him he could not go camping with his friends.
Operant Chamber/Skinner box-small enclosure where an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences are controlled, operant responses tend to be voluntary.
Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning are processes that lead to learning. Classical conditioning pairs two stimuli, while operant conditioning pairs behavior and response. Also, classical conditioning always works with involuntary responses, while operant conditioning works with voluntary behaviors.
Classical Conditioning- type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, by Ivan Pavlov in the 1900s
ex) association of a loud sound with the presence of an animal would cause a phobia.
Higher order conditioning- a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus ex) while driving, getting anxiety when seeing a police car because of association with a traffic ticket.