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The Belle Epoque in Brazil (Why Belle Epoque? (Worldwide (Women in the…
The Belle Epoque in Brazil
Socio-Political situation 1889-1931
Fonseca’s provisional government (1889-1891)
Fonseca led a Coup d’etat
Expulsion of royal family
Separation of state from Catholic church
Democratisation
Economic policy favoured fast economic growth. Increase cash flow, high tariff barriers to limit importations – protect national market
Massive and unrestrained financial speculation
Constitution of 1891
Separation of legislative, executive and judiciary powers
Established a federal republic
Universal manhood suffrage with restrictions – beggars, illiterate and clergy
Coronelism – military has an innate right to intervene in politics – established corruption, military state
Nominally a ‘democracy’ but power in hands of European Brazilians and coffee planters
Marshal Floriano Peixoto
Key figure - establishes a centralised Brazil
End of monarchy in 1889
Why Belle Epoque?
Worldwide
Women in the arts
New technologies - automobiles, telegraph
International trade
Nation-state ideals
European immigration
Large numbers of European labourers from the late 19th century onwards
Political movements on both sides try to incorporate immigrants
Rio de Janiero
French influences
Inspired by reforms in Paris
Social dislocation and inequalities - lower classes dislocated for middle class white people to live in the centre
"Beautiful time" - imported from Europe, European influences
Positivism, optimism
Science – seen as untainted, can lead the way for a better society
‘Mundanismo’ – to be cool, white, middle class and party
Modernisation
Government
Increased role of middle class in politics - change in power dynamics from 20s onwards, gain power in 30s coup
Wealthy and influential oligarchs had power
Repression of all forms of dissent
Economy
Industrialisation e.g. Sao Paolo
Foreign imports policy
Trade Unionism
Linked to Anarchism/socialism/communism and fascism
Culture
New styles - modernism, futurism, hyper realism
Creation of new techniques
Mass consumerism - art is a commodity
Contribution of European immigrants
Some only for wealthy 2.4% could vote
But some for all e.g. electricity, trams, vaccines
Non-white population side-lined
Politics of Café com leite
Devised to favoured white elites of European descent
Controlled by large landowners of Sao Paolo (coffee) and farmers and cattle raisers from Minas Gerais (leite) – they ran national politics
Defenders of economic modernisation but advocates of social conservatism and political constraints of the masses
Power sharing agreement based on clientelism and corruption
Political Extremism
Eugenics
Debates on how or if marriages should be regulated
Still restrictions on Afro-Brazilians, who could they marry, where they cold work
Concept of making society beautiful - by making it white
Afranio Peixoto wanted a “whitening of Brazil”
1918 - establishment of Sao Paulo Society of Eugenics
Renato Kehl – key political figure. German. State has a right to regulate sexuality, esp black female sexuality
Linked to Vaccine Revolt of 1904 – making Brazil clean
Communist Party of Brazil founded 1922
Influenced by European Anarchist movement
WW1
Brazil neutral for majority of the war
Influential anti-submarine campaign
Mostly provided trade and raw materials for the Triple Entente
Not a major participant in post-war negotiations
Didn't get much of a reward
1930 Coup
President Vargas seized power in 1930 revolution
Dissolved parliament in 1937, censored press, banned all political parties and trade unions
In power from 1930-45
Resisted both Communist rebellions 1932-35 and a Fascist coup 1938
Assassinated in 1954 when he was the leader of the Brazilian Labour Party
In response to working-class mobilisations