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Developmental lectures 4-7 (Lecture 4 (Taste & Smell (Amniotic fluid,…
Developmental lectures 4-7
Lecture 5
Epigenesis
Conception
= gametes, meiosis, fallopian tubes
Zygote pre-natal development
Germinal (conception-2 weeks)
- conception, cell division, twins
Embryonic (3rd-8th weeks)
- cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, cell death
Neural tube
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Fetal (9th week-birth)
- protecting the foetus = placental membrane, amniotic sac
Sensation
Fetal learning
Habituation
Hazards to pre-natal development
-
Teratogens
Environmental agents, timing, sensitive period
Sleeper effects
Alcohol - FAS
Cigarette smoking - SIDS
Illegal drugs
Environmental hazaards
Occupational hazards
States
Sleep - REM & non-REM
Newborn states - active sleep, quiet sleep, crying, active awake, alert awake, drowsing
Auto-stimulation theory
Lecture 4
Sensation & perception
Early research -
Fantz
Later research -
preferential looking, habituation, operant conditioning
Visual acuity
Visual discrimination
Contrast sensitivity
-
cones
(light receptors) in
fovea
(central region of retina), size, shape & processing
Children's eyes
- colours, cone cells immaturity
Instrumental conditioning - Rovee & Collier
Scanning
Tracking
Faces
Developing face expertise
Attractiveness
Pattern perception
2 month olds
Perceptual consistency
Object segregation
Movement
Gravity
(young infants & old infants)
Depth perception
Optical expansion
Stereopsis
Sensitivity to
monocular / pictorial cues
(RSILP) - roses smell increasingly lovely (in) paris
Auditory perception
Auditory localization
Perception of speech sounds
- Eimas
Music
- rhythm, temporal organization, melody
Taste & Smell
Amniotic fluid
Teicher & Blass - rats
Breast milk
Differentiate between mother & other woman
Touch perception
Oral exploration
Manual exploration
Intermodel perception
Lecture 7
Components of language
Phonemes
Morphemes
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
Brain: Left hemisphere, Broca
area, Wernicke's area
Generativity
Learning language: Phonological, semantic, syntactic & pragmatic development
Metalinguistic awareness
Process of language acquisition
Speech perception: prosody
Categorical speech perception (b) (p) VOT - voice onset time
:question:
Preparing for SP (6-8 weeks) - Babbling
& Silent babbling
Early interactions: turn taking, intersubjectivity,
joint attention, pointing
Language achievement: 13 months, 19 months,
24 months, fast mapping, syntactic bootstrapping
Syntactic development: Telegraphic speech
Learning grammar: overregularisation
Nativist view on language: Chomsky
Interactionist view
Critical period for language development
IDS - infant directed speech
Lecture 6
Terminology
Genome
Chromosome
Gene
DNA
Genotype
Phenotype
Environment
1) Parents genetic contribution to child's genotype
Genes, chromosomes, XX, XY, Genetic diversity - mutation, random assortment, crossing over
2) Contributions of child's genotype to his or her own phenotype
Regulator genes, Gene expression - dominant allele, recessive allele, homozygous, heterozygous, polygenetic inheritance
Genetic origins of human diseases & disorders - recessive gene, single dominant gene, sex-linked inheritance, errors in meiosis
3) Contributions of child's environment to his or her own phenotype
Norm of reaction (Dobzhansky), the role of parenting, the case of PKU (phenyl-keton-uria), the case of MAOA,
4) Influence of the child's phenotype on his or her environment
Children = active creators of the environment they live in