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Unit 7 (Module 32 (Retention (Recall: Retrieving information, Recognition:…
Unit 7
Module 32
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Long-Term Potentiation: Increase in a cell's firing potential after rapid stimulation. Considered to be neural basis for learning and memory
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Retrieval Cues: Cues (something said, done, seen (etc.)) that help with memory and remembering
Priming: Activation, sometimes unconsciously, of particular associations in memories
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Serial Position Effect: Our tendency to remember the first (Primacy Effect) and last (Recency Effect) items of a list
Module 33
Forgetting: caused by encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, interference, motivated forgetting
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Repression: basic defense mechanism to banish any anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories (Freudian psycho-analytic theory)
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Memory can be improved by rehearsing repeatedly, making the material meaningful, activating retrieval cues, using mnemonic devices, minimizing interference, and testing knowledge.
Module 35
Problem Solving
algorithm- a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
heuristics- a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
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confirmation bias- a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
mental set- a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Good vs. Bad decisions
intuition- an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
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Module 36
Language
language- our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
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productive language
babbling stage- beginning at 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
one- word stage- the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words
two-word stage- beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words
telegraphic speech- early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- "go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs
the brain and language
aphasia- impairment of language, usually caused by left-hem damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area
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Module 31
Memory types
Working Memory: Short-term memory that focuses on active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and long-term recall
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Echoic Memory: Momentary auditory memory; if attention is elsewhere, can recall the last 3-4 seconds of auditory input
Processing
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Automatic Processing: Unconscious encoding including space, time and frequency as well as well-learned information
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Deep Processing: Encoding semantically, tends to yield best retention
Memory reinforcements
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Testing Effect (aka: Retrieval Practice Effect or Test-Enhanced Learning): Enhanced memory and retention after retrieving rather that relearning/rereading
Module 34
Cognition: mental activities associate with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Concept: mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people used to simplify our thinking
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