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An Age of Darkness (12.5 The Renaissance (A Revival of Learning…

- - - - Several powerful nation-states arose during the Middle Ages
        
        England
        
        France
        
        Spain
      - The Crusades (1100-1300) revived interest in European trade with the Orient.
        
        Europeans began to desire things brought back from the Orient
        
        spices
        
        jewels
        
        ivory
        
        glassware
        
        silks
        
        Orient = Asia & Middle East
      - A middle class of merchants & businessmen arose after trade with the Orient increased.
    - - Cities in Italy became the largest & busiest in Europe after trade with the Orient
        
        cities in Italy characterized by
        
        liberty
        
        individualism
        
        free thinking
      - Coastal cities imported goods from the Orient
        
        Genoa
        
        Venice
        
        Distributed goods to inland cities
        
        Milan
        
        Florence
      - Giovanni de' Medici
        
        14th century merchant & banker
        
        excelled in business
        
        dominated the political scene in Florence for 300+ years
  - - - wealth from business gave men more time, money, & opportunity to pursue knowledge :moneybag:
      - intelligent Italians longed for a rebirth in learning like in ancient Rome
        
        led to the Renaissance = "rebirth" (1350-1600)
    - - Renaissance emphasized the humanities
        
        history
        
        grammar
        
        rhetoric
        
        poetry
      - revived the literature of the ancient Greeks & Romans
    - - Humanism = intense interest in the subjects of the humanities
      - Renaissance humanism developed into making man into a god
        
        became an expression of human pride & vanity
        
        man worshiped the creature rather than the Creator (Rom. 1:25)
    - - Renaissance man = one who displays his talents in all fields
      - patron = people who used their money to support the arts
        
        Ex: Medici family funded art & architecture in Florence
        
        church leaders were greatest patrons of all
        
        built cathedrals & palaces w/ paintings & sculptures
  - - - master painter, sculptor, inventor, & engineer
      - left notebooks filled w/ sketches of things created centuries later
        
        flying machines
        
        tanks
        
        parachutes
        
        bicycles
      - wrote backwards
      - Remembered for Mona Lisa
      - Also remembered for The Last Supper
    - - known for his brilliant use of color
      - painted the Sistine Madonna
      - painted School of Athens
    - - greatest artist of the Renaissance
      - painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican
        
        Vatican = place where popes live in Rome
      - spent 2 years on back painting Sistine Chapel
      - Known for marble statues
        
        David
        
        Moses
  - - - only book of lasting importance produced by the Italian Renaissance
      - book on politics
      - written by Machiavelli in 1513
    - - dreamed of the rebirth of political Rome
      - turned to himself & man & advised the deliberate use of evil to achieve one's goals
  - - - salvation by grace through faith
      - priesthood of believers
- - - - Pope Nicholas II - a pope that declared future popes would be chosen only by cardinals
        
        so that they weren't chosen by Roman nobles and seemed like their puppets
        
        cardinals - priests of the churches in Rome or bishops of churches close to Rome
    - - Gregory VII (1073-1085) - one of the first popes chosen by cardinals
      - wanted popes to be more powerful than emperors
        
        demanded all princes kiss the feet of the pope
        
        wanted the pope to be able to depose emperors
        
        the pope himself was judged by no one
  - - - what had started as cooperation between the pope & emperor became bitter rivals
    - - emperors had always been German, not Roman
    - - the emperor scarcely governed his homeland; not a united empire
  - - - The Black Death - bubonic plague came into Europe between 1334-1351
      - killed one-third of Europe's population
      - infected rats & fleas carried the disease in cities
      - everyone dreaded the plague
    - - people began to lose respect for popes
      - papacy had distorted Christianity
      - popes had worldly behavior
    - - In 1400, people became concerned with the condition of the Roman church
      - created councils to do something about it
      - the popes celebrated the Great Jubilee (1450) to celebrate their victory over the councils
    - - Politics & distorted Christianity seemed to prevail by 1500
  - - - pushed Germany's borders eastward
      - gained control of wealth & power in Germany
      - Otto - son of Henry I, joined forces with the pope to become "Emperor of the Romans" in the Holy Roman Empire in 962
      - Henry the Fowler (916-936) - a powerful duke in Germany that set up the Saxon line of kings.
    - - dukes elected weakest person to be king of Germany
      - duke - ruler of small territories in Germany
      - kept much of Europe in chaos
      - kept the dream of Charlemagne's Christian empire alive.
- - - - Monasticism - withdrawing from society and living in solitude.
        
        Monks - men & women who practice monasticism.
        
        thought they were living as Christ had commanded
        
        but the Bible says the opposite
        
        thought they would earn their salvation
      - monasteries = religious communities isolated from the rest of society
        
        monks lived in these
      - common in Europe during Middle Ages
      - rigid rules
      - Benedict = founder of a monastery in Italy
      - Friars = lived like monks, but preached & did missions
    - - earliest monks
      - sought to please God by torturing themselves
      - Vowed celibacy
        
        celibacy = never marrying
      - withdrew from world to be alone with God
  - - - Eucharist = the Lord's Supper
      - Transubstantiation = the elements of the Lord's Supper actually change
      - Unbiblical teachings
        
        monasteries
        
        prayer
        
        salvation
        
        Language (only in Latin)
    - - Taught to pray to Jesus' mother
      - Saints = deceased persons officially recognized by the church as holy
        
        taught to pray to saints
      - Must confess sins to a priest to escape punishment in hell
    - - indulgences = certificates from the people excusing a person from purgatory
        
        indulgences were sold
        
        enriched clergy by stealing from the poor
        
        used to build giant church buildings
      - Penance = punishment in this life repentant sinners underwent to show they were sorry for sins
      - Purgatory = place where repentant sinners had to stay after death until properly punished for their sins.
    - - few ordinary people knew what the Bible really taught
      - Roman church placed early church writers on par with the Bible.
        
        Bible lost its place as basis of true belief for Christians
      - Vulgate = Latin translation
        
        written by Jerome in 405
        
        became only version of the Bible in the Middle Ages
        
        but very few people could read Latin
      - Council of Toulouse = forbade anyone except church leaders to possess a copy of the Bible
        
        but not everyone followed this law
        
        two exceptions
        
        Psalms
        
        breviary = book w/ official order of worship in church services
  - - - Inquisition = a special church court with power to inquire about and judge matters of heresy
        
        done in the name of Christ
        
        those who were guilty were tortured or burned at the stake
        
        special trials with one who was a judge, prosecutor, & jury
      - heretics = baptized members of the Roman church who disagreed with official church opinion
      - the Roman church could not tolerate any disagreement
      - these groups either tried to withdraw or disagreed with the church over moral issues
        
        Albigensians
        
        Waldensians
        
        Anabaptists
        
        Donatists
        
        Novations
        
        Montanists
    - - Hussites = followers of Huss
      - Council of Constance = condemned Huss & burned him at the stake
      - stressed the Bible as only authority for Christians
      - shared Wycliffe's beliefs
      - a teacher & dean of the University of Prague
    - - Council of Constance = condemned Wycliffe for over 200 "crimes" & ordered writings burned
      - Lollards = those who followed John Wycliffe
      - had the entire Bible translated into English for the first time.
      - believed proper authority for Christians is the Bible
      - challenged the opinions of the Roman church
        
        and salvation
        
        like transubstantiation
      - a teacher at Oxford University in England
- - - - Pax Romana (Roman Peace) = greatest prosperity world had ever known
      - Business & cities boomed throughout the empire.
      - A network of trade routes connected the empire and created safe trading
    - - Confusion & violence, invasion & civil war, insecurity & uncertainty followed after the Fall of Rome
      - The populations of towns shrank,
      - Pirates reclaimed seas, trade declined, & dragged economy down with it.
    - - Europe was ravaged with war, disorder, and strife.
      - Conquering Muslims stifled western shipping in the Mediterranean
      - In the 9th & 10th centuries, the western European depression reached its lowest point.
    - - Many towns were little more than ruins with a small population
      - 95% of the population of western Europe lived in the country
      - Most people in Europe were desperately poor.
- - - - early centuries after Christ saw many intelligent, well-educated Christians in Rome
        
        Augustine
        
        bishop of church at Hippo in North Africa
        
        wrote Confessions (book on prayers, praises, & meditations)
        
        wrote City of God (presented a Christian philosophy of history)
    - - few people had the time or interest to think beyond their pressing needs
      - only church officials & monks were only educated men in western Europe
      - learning was better in the Eastern Roman Empire under the Arab Muslims
  - - - learning revived between 1000-1300
      - became impressed with the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle
      - Schools & Schoolmen
        
        teachers & pupils gathered in organized groups
        
        schools = ancestors of modern university
        
        schoolmen = teachers & pupils
        
        were nearly 100 schools by 1500
      - A Tool of the Church
        
        Scholasticism = an approach to learning which tried to combine Greek philosophy & Romanism
        
        William of Ockham = philosopher who used logic to discredit the doctrines of the pope;s absolute supremacy
        
        believed the Bible was only authority
    - - combined Aristotle & Romanism
      - known as the Dumb Ox b/c he spoke slowly, but had brilliant mind
      - Roman church approved of his work
    - - Dante
        
        wrote Divine Commedy
        
        one of few pieces of medieval literature still widely read
      - Chaucer (1340-1400)
        
        wrote The Canterbury Tales
        
        one of first great works of literature in the English language
        
        pointed out problems with the church
        
        aware of religious hypocrisy