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URBAN WASTE + DISPOSAL (Approaches to waste management (Controlled Dumping…

- - - - The most polluted countries are India, Nigeria and Korea. The most polluted cities are:
        
        Onitsha, Nigeria
        
        Peshawar, Pakistan
        
        Zabol, Iran
        The are all located in rapidly growing economies (mostly Middle East and South East Asia)
        CHINA has been working to tackle it's air pollution problem. It is now the only country with just one city on the polluted list.
      - CASE STUDY - LONDON
        The highest levels of pollution (NO2) are in the centre of the city (due to all the transport and central heating) and generally as you go out into the suburbs it declines. Heathrow airport is an anomaly. It is the highest area of nitrogen dioxide in the west of London. Hundreds of aircraft a day, taking off and landing as well as other transport around the airport release a huge amount of emissions.
        Londons national health objectives aren't being met due to this. In 2017, London breached it's annual air pollution limit in just five days. This causes 5,900 premature deaths every year in London.
        In the city centre, the air pollution is worse along the roads (large transport links) The big parks really benefit the overall air quality (bring it down)
        They manage this by:
        They are doubling it's funding in order to tackle air pollution to £875million.
        Fixing fines for unnecessary vehicle engine
        The introduction of an Ultra Low Emission Zone in central London
        Increasing public awareness of air quality
        Recognising and rewarding good practise by businesses
      - Strategies to manage these environmental problems
        Remote sensing- to ensure that vehicles are meeting required emission levels EG - This has been adopted in the streets of Beijing, China.
        Traffic restrictions - Such as not allowing cars on the roads that are diesel and over a certain age because they are the most polluting EG - In UK
        Tackling car emissions by the encouragement of electric cars
        Green Energy - Putting huge tax breaks on electric cars, equivalent to 10% of the total cost of the vehicle, making them much more affordable.
        In Beijing, China to encourage electric cars, 18% of all new car parking areas must be for electric cars with public charging posts. They built 1000 public charging points however, 8500 electric vehicles were introduced to the public transport system between 2014-2015.
        New environmental laws - Fining polluters, In Beijing, China they introduced this in January 2015 and in the first six months they received US$ 18.3 million in fines.
        Investing in renewable energy such as solar power or wind. In Beijing 14 gigawatts of solar power have been installed and this number is constantly increasing. In comparison the USA only installed 7.3 gigawatts of solar power in the same time that China did 14.