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FIGURES OF SPEECH (TROPE An artful deviation from the ordinary or…
FIGURES OF SPEECH
TROPE
An artful deviation from the ordinary or principal signification of a word.
Wordplay and Puns
Reference to One Thing as Another
Simile
Metaphor
Personification
: the practice of attaching human traits and characteristics to inanimate objects, phenomena and animals.
Synecdoche
: a literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part.
Metonymy:
a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated.
Anthropomophism
: a technique in which a writer ascribes human traits, ambitions, emotions, or entire behaviors to animals, non-human beings, natural phenomena, or objects.
Substitutions
SEMANTIC INVERSIONS
-these invert or play with the normal meanings of words
Irony
: a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that ends up in quite a different way than what is generally anticipated. In simple words, it is a difference between appearance and reality.
Rhetorical Questions
:A rhetorical question is a question that is asked not to get an answer, but instead to emphasize a point. The word “rhetorical” signifies that the question is meant as a figure of speech. Though no answer is necessary for rhetorical questions, they are often used to elicit thought and understanding on the part of the listener or reader.
Paradox
: a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or silly, but which may include a latent truth. It is also used to illustrate an opinion or statement contrary to accepted traditional ideas. A paradox is often used to make a reader think over an idea in innovative way.
Oxymoron
: "a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. The common oxymoron phrase is a combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with contrasting meanings, such as 'cruel kindness,' or 'living death.' However, the contrasting words/phrases are not always glued together. The contrasting ideas may be spaced out in a sentence, such as, 'In order to lead, you must walk behind.'”
Hypophora:
"A figure of reasoning in which one asks and then immediately answers one's own questions (or raises and then settles imaginary objections). Reasoning aloud" (Silva Rhetoricae). [Also called Anthypophora]
OVERSTATEMENT
/UNDERSTATEMENT
Litotes
: "understatement by using double negatives or, in other words, a positive statement expressed by negating its opposite expressions"
Hyperbole
: "exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis."
SCHEME
An artful deviation from the ordinary arrangement of words.
Change in Word Order
Parenthesis
: Insertion of a verbal unit that interrupts normal syntactical flow.
Apposition:
Addition of an adjacent, coordinate, explanatory or descriptive element
Omission
Ellipsis
: Omission of a word or short phrase easily understood in context.
Asyndeton
: refers to the omission of a conjunction such as “and” or “as” from a series of related clauses
REPETITION
Parallelism
: a figure of speech in which two or more elements of a sentence (or series of sentences) have the same grammatical structure
Epistrophe: repetition of a word or group of words at the end of a clause
Anaphora
: a word or group of words is repeated at the beginning of two or more successive clauses or sentences
Symploce
: the repetition of words or phrases at both the beginning and end of successive clauses or verses: a combination of anaphora and epiphora (or epistrophe).
Antithesis
: "a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect."
Repetition of Sounds
Alliteration
: Repetition of initial or medial consonants in two or more adjacent words.
THIS SITE
describes it and its effects.
Assonance
: Repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words.
Consonance
: Consonance refers to repetition of sounds in quick succession produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase.
Antimetabole
: Repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order.
Chiasmus
: the figure of speech in which two or more clauses are presented to the reader or hearer, then presented again in reverse order, in order to make a larger point.
Structures of Balance
Parallelism
: Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
Antithesis
: Juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas (often, although not always, in parallel structure).
Repetition of Phrases or Clauses