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Artificial Intelligence (Focus of intelligence in AI (The identification…

- - - - Laws of thought- Logic (correct inferences)
      - If the rules are followed, does not make mistakes.
    - - Interruptions
      - Distractions
      - Emotions
  - - - Introspection
      - Psychological experiments
- - - - E.g. Expert Systems
    - - E.g. The General Problem Solver (GPS)
        
        Certain types of problem, whose solutions lend themselves to a very explicit and clear steps, can be formulated for the GPS
        
        Searching among and following a series of elementary reasoning steps, similar to those carried out by human
        
        The only difference is that GPS does NOT have access to information outside of the domain that it is programmed to have
        
        But researchers soon realized that developing such general purpose systems was too difficult- better to focus on systems for limited domains.
  - - - A system based on the operation of biological neural networks, in other words, is an emulation of biological neural system
      - Simplest possible 'node' is a perceptron
      - Application of ANN
        
        Fields of identification and control systems
        
        Game- playing AI and decision making
        
        Pattern recognition
        
        face recognition
        
        voice recognition
        
        object recognition
        
        Sequence recognition
        
        Health diagnosis
        
        E-mail spam filtering
  - - - Making computers talk- endowing computers with the linguistics ability of humans
      - Systems that translate ordinary human natural language into language computers can understand and act on.
      - Challenge?
        
        Providing the computer with a sense of context that humans have
        
        Human Language filled with ambiguity & require context for understanding/ interpretation
      - The complexity of programming a computer to "do" human language reflects the complexity of human language
      - Example of NLP
        
        ELIZA (1965)
        
        The ELIZA program stimulated a conversation between a patient and a psychotherapist by using a person's responses to shape the computer's replies.
        
        When the original ELIZA first appeared in the 60's, some people actually mistook her for human - such a simple program could so easily deceive a naive user into revealing personal information
        
        Semantic Information Processing (SHRDLU)
        
        A hand & An eye
        
        Ability to manipulate toy blocks on a table
        
        Carries out command given by human
        
        Script Applier Mechanism (SAM)
        
        A computer program designed to understand stories that rely heavily on scripts (typical sequences of events in particular contexts)