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Social Comparison (Social Comparison (Upward & Downward Comparison…

- - - - solution = compare yourself with others
  - - - downward comparison to feel better about themselves
    - - positive role models = langduriger process
  - - - comparison dimension should be relevant for us
    - - is comparison target a friend or stranger?
  - - - for self-evaluation & self-improvement = (slightly) *better off-other
      - but also risk of feeling inferior, negative affect
    - - for self-enhancement = worse-off other
      - positive affect & reduction of anxiety
    - - contrast = away from target; dissimilarity testing = selective focus on differences with target
      - Assimilation = toward the target = similarity testing = selective focus on similarities with the target
    - - is comparisont target similar to you? = identification (future-you)
      - is comparison target dissimilar to you? = contrasting (not a future you)
      - Tesser = often similar others are close others (and vice versa)
      - example: healthy older people = contrast led to higher QoL-perceptions than identification; downward contrast used most often (led to higher QoL perceptions) --> count your blessings
- - - - advancement, growth, accomplishment & maximizing success
    - - security, safety, and responsibility & minimzing failure
- - - - representational aspect = representation of one's personality and characteristics in the memory system
      - executive aspect = helps to guide information-seeking, goal-setting, and goal-directed behavior
      - reflexive aspect = capacity to be concsious of one'S slef
      - symbolic self is dynamic, regulatory & flexible
    - - independent self
      - interdependent self concept
    - - social identity theory = categorization, identification, compariso, relevance, distinctiveness
        
        categorization = minimal group paradigm = even minimal & meaningless distinctions between group (red & blue coins) can trigger tendency to favor one's own group at the expense of others (children 5-years = playmate preference and behavior recall)