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The Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages (Political Develoments (The end…
The Iberian Peninsula in the Middle Ages
Political Develoments
3.Independent Emirate
Abderramán scaped from Damascus to Al-Andalus
Name himself Independent Emir of the Caliphate
Cordoba Caliphate
Abderraman lll named himself caliph
Most glorious person
Political and religius power
2.Dependent Emirate
Controlled all the peninsula
Dominions in Peninsula became califate, part of Al-Andalus
Not the North
The taifa kingdoms
Inernal fights ===} caliphate divided small independent called taifas
The end of the Visigothic Kingdom
710 Rodrigo was the king. Some didn't like him.
In 711 :star: was the battle of Guadalete
Muslims won Rodrigo died in the battle
More Arabs and Berbers ===} arrived to the peninsula.
Joined Tariq's and avanced to Toledo 712
Three years later all cities conquered
Resistence in the North ===} 722 ===} Battle of Covadonga by Pelayo defeted the Muslims
Muslim conquered Visigoth Kingdom
Desintegration Visigoth army
Efficiency of Muslim Soldiers
Measures applied to CHristians and Jewish popultion
Alliance with some Visigoth nobles
North African Empires
Almoravids and Almohads invaded the taifa kingdoms
Economy in Al-Andalus
Agriculture
Non-Irrigated crops mantained
New crops and plants
Rice
Sugar
Citrus fruits
Cotton
Introduction of technological advances
Wells
Irrigation Channels
Waterwheels
Sheep farming
Pigeon breeding
Bee-Kiping
Trade
Peninsula intregated trade routs of caliphate
stratetic point, where Muslims and Christians
Craftwork, oil and cotton===} exported
Gold, animal skins, metal weapons, luxury products===} imported
Souks: places to trade
Society in Al-Andalus
Msulims
Berbers
From North Africa converted to Islam
Work as livestock farmers and soldiers
Muladies
Natives of Peninsula converted to Islam
Worked in agriculture
Arabs
Dominant group. Owner oflatifundia
Non-muslims
Jews
Lived in Jewish quartiers with synagogues
Slaves
Worked at servans, in mines
Mozarabs
Natives didn't converted
They live separately
Various social groups
Culture in Al-Andalus
Cordoba culture center
Arabic official lenguage
Many words from Arabic
Develoment of arts and sciences
Astronomy
Literature
Maths
Philosophy
History
Geography
Medicine
Art in Al-Andalus
Absence of human figures
Use cheap materials
Rich decoration
Use visigoth artistic elements
Horseshoe arches
Red and white keystone
CApitals and colums
Kingdom of Asturias
Alfonso lll
Conquered Coimbra and Oporto when died, possisions divided three kingdoms Galicia, Leon Asturias
Leon became the dominant kingdom
Alfonso l
Expanded domins towards GAlicia and North Meseta
Capital moved from Oviedo and León
To defend themselves against Muslims they build castle===} County of castilla===} Kindom of castilla
Kingdom of Pamplona
In 824 the kingdom of Pamplona was formed, later kingdom of Navarra
Loya to the Cordoba caliphate
Sancho lll was the king in the maximus size of the kingdom
After his deaht kingdom separeted
Pyrenean zone: the Hispanic March
Hispanic March: the territories controlled by the Charlomagne
Catalan counties The msot importanta Barcelona
Country of aragon:
1035, independent →
Ramiro I, firs king of the
Kingdom of Aragón.
9 century
It broke away from the frankish kingdom and become
Economy in the Christian Kingdom
Agriculture
Crops cereals
Crop rotation (fallow)
Subsistence: low production
Livestock
Shepp farming
Trade
limited, only
between neighbouring
areas.
Society in the Christian
Kingdoms
Mostly Christians, but
also Muslims and Jews.
Two main groups:
Peasants
Free peasants.
Vassals: belonged
to the nobles and
lived and worked in
their lands.
Nobles, owners of the
lands. Titles given by
the monarch.
Repopulation
BUT, Kingdom of León uninhabited zone → repopulate
to prevent attacks from Muslims. How?
Awarding fueros (special rights and privileges) to a city
or region → attract settlers and guarantee their loyalty
to the crown.
Control of the land to the Church and nobles with
military power.
Giving lands to free peasants.
Allowing Muslims and Jews to stay in their lands in
exchange of paying special taxes.
Many mozarabs emigrated to the North to escape
religious persecution.