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Media, Information and Entertainment (Press, State & Society (US (more…

- - - - gave up on exhibition, and focused on production and distribution
      - boost for independent studios
    - - studios focused on movies they thought would earn money
  - - - short experiment with 3D
      - color was the norm by the 1960s
      - stereo sound and widescreen projection
      - drive-in theaters appealed to suburban and teenage audiences
    - - did not provide a long term strategy
        
        blockbuster approach was risky (Cleopatra 1963 almost bankrupted 20th century fox)
        
        Hollywood's persistence in trying to produce films with universal appeal
        
        ignored the interest of teenagers and college-going young adults
        
        started fully exploiting teenagers in the 1970s
        
        young adults were interested in independent films that featured more adult content
        
        slow to respond to cultural changes in the 1960s
        
        1967: end of this approach
        
        Bonnie and Clyde-> violence & the Graduate->direct approach to sex
        
        1968:the production code used until now was replaced by a ratings system
  - - - DVD's were the main source of income: sales and rentals
    - - less risky than before due to diversification
    - - independent studios released many movies
      - alliances with major studios for distribution
      - by the end of the century, most "independent" films were released by subsidiaries of the conglomerates
- - - - foreign films influenced American filmmakers
      - starting in the 1950s: Hollywood started investing in foreign films, as well as distribution
      - production became increasingly internationalized
        
        foreign funding
        
        could increase appeal to foreign audiences
        
        cheaper
      - imports accounted for a substantial portion of films screened in the US
        
        international film festivals
        
        art-house cinemas
      - international companies were involved in the mergers of the 80's and 90's
- - - - audience decline after WW2
        
        the trend accelerated after 1990
      - causes for decine
        
        1960s and 1970s: many papers closed due to the advent of television
        
        other factors:
        
        increased production costs
        
        1970's and 1980's: resolved when the press transformed from a labor- to a capital-intensive industry
        
        suburbs: delivery problems
        
        increase of car ownership over public transport reduced opportunities for reading newspapers
        
        1990s: the Internet
      - those that survived, did well
        
        most popular vehicle for local advertising
        
        unlike the big-city dailies, suburban and small-city newspapers, especially those owned by chains did well
        
        degree of concentration increased after 1960
      - Magazines
        
        television posed a direct threat for advertising revenue of general-interest magazines
        
        they had to specialize to survive
        
        magazines that most resembled newspapers in their content (such as Time) remained profitable
        
        change in focus: from news to show business, celebrities and lifestyle
      - UK
        
        steady decline for newspapers
        
        until 1956: reduced competition due to extension of wartime rationing
        
        no issue finding advertisers
        
        afterwards faced the same issues: television and increased production costs
        
        increasing economic concentration
      - decline in public trust of the press
- - - - ended with professionalization of journalism
    - - television reported on the news as they were happening
      - political and cultural shift
        
        no more consensus
    - - should not be exaggerated (uncritical stance of Iraq and Afghanistan invasions-> even more so for television)
        
        after it became clear that the war was unjustified-> more critical from there on (Guantanamo Bay)
        
        dependence of government sources
        
        fear of alienating public opinion
        
        intimidation from vocal conservative groups
        
        fear of the White House
        
        influence of American nationalism
      - opinionated colmnists
      - investigative journalism in the 60's and 70's
  - - - UK
        
        decline in political partisanship after WW2
        
        this trend was reversed with arrival of powerful press barons
        
        heads of global corporations with other media and commercial interests
        
        not wedded to political parties in the fashion of the previous generation
        
        fundamental conflict between demands of the marketplace and the idea of journalism as public service
        
        triumph of an extreme form of tabloid journalism
  - - - consumerism and society problems being overshadowed by individualism and the perception of a just society
  - - - Western Europe late 1960's: state subsidies for newspapers
      - pushes for local ownership
  - - - benefits
        
        invaluable tool for information gathering and fact checking
        
        online audience