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Honors Chemistry Per.2 Parth Gupta (Periodic Trends (Electronegativity: an…
Honors Chemistry Per.2 Parth Gupta
Nuclear Chemistry
Beta
must be used with alpha or gamma decay or both
Gamma
add energy or "e"
Alpha
He2+
Periodic Trends
Electronegativity: an atom's tendency to attract and form bonds with electrons, tends to increase as you go to the right and up in the periodic table
Ionization energy: energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in its gaseous phase, tends to increase as you go right and up in the periodic table
Electron Affinity: the ability of an atom to accept an electron
tends to increase as you go up and right in the periodic table
Atomic Radius: Half the distance between the nuclei of two atoms, tends to increase towards the left and as you go down the periodic table of elements.
Chemical and Physical changes/properties
Physical change: the substance doesn't change(example(s): ice melting)
Chemical change: the substance changes: example: iron rusting
Atoms and their electrons
Rules of electron orbitals
Hund's rule: orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before it's occupied by a second electron.
Aufbau Principle: an electron will occupy the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it
Pauli Exclusion Principle: no 2 electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers in a orbital
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: it is impossible to simultaneously determine the velocity and position of an electron or other particle
Quantum numbers(l): s,p,d
Compounds and molecules
VSEPR and Molecular Geometry
first draw compound and distribute electrons correctly and judge molecular geometry based on number of atoms and lone pairs on central atom
Reactions
single/double replacement, synthesis,combustion
Ions,isotopes,polarity, bonds
BONDS
Ionic Bonds: one atom takes away electron(s) from another atom
Covalent bonds: not the strongest,
Metallic Bonds: caused only in between metals and makes a sea of electrons
polarity can be determined by Lone pairs but most importantly symmetry in a compounds molecular geometry,
ions are negatively or positively charged atoms
Gases
R=0.08206 atm
PV=nRT
hight temp, low pressure, Ideal Gas laws
Kinetics/Sol/Equilibrium
Keq= Products/Reactants
single step rxts.= coefficients are exponents
q=mcat
catalysts use another pathway that makes the reaction faster
PPM=x*1,000,000
Thermochemistry
Q=MCAT
-Q=Q
exothermic= reactions expelling heat
endothermic= reactions absorbing heat