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Genetics (Origin of life (Mammals (primate group (70m), human species (6-7…
Genetics
Origin of life
Big Bang
13.7 b
Solar
system
4.55 b
Earth
4 b
Life
3.5b
Birds
150m
Dinosaurs
extinction
65m
Mammals
225m
primate group
70m
human species
6-7 m
Molecular
building
blocks
Sugars
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nitrogenous bases
Mineral components
Large molecules
Nucleic acids
(DNA & RNA)
Proteins
Lipids
(Fats)
Polysaccharides
(Carbohydrates)
Evolution
of life
1. Bateria separated
into two main groupstext
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Methanogens
Oxygen is absent
Hydrogen is produced
Survive by converting
CO2 & H2 to CH4 + H2O
Extremophiles
Adapted to extreme
physical conditions
elevated temp
icy cold
high pressure
burning acidity
caustic alkalinity
concentrated brine
Bacteria
Prokaryotes
pathogenic
varieties
cause infectious diseases
harmless
varieties
in human guts
e.g. E. coli
2. Atmospheric oxygen
was a major contibution
of life to Earth
Photosynthetic
bacteria
(cyanobacterial
sunlight + H2O => H2 + O2
H2 used to convert CO2 => Sugar
3. The birth eukaryotic
cells inaugurated a
new living world
"having a good nucleus"
multicellular
organisms
plants
fungi
animals
humans
unicellular
organisms
Protists
3 fundamental
biological
mechanisms
Metabolism
Heterotrophic
Organisms
derive their energy from the degradation
... of organic foodstuffs provided by other (heteros)
living beings
...with oxygen
(Aeribic)
...without oxygen
(Anaerobic)
ability to do without any
foodstuff of living origin
for their biosynthesis
Autotrophic
Organisms
#
ability to do without any
foodstuff of living origin
for their biosynthesis
Photosynthetic
derive energy from sunlight
e.g. green algae
Chemosynthetic
exploit mineral chemical reactions
e.g. methanogens
history of metabolism
Time
Mutation
Duplication
Tinkering
Modular combinations
Natural selection
Reproduction
Molecular cell division
Simple division
Mitosis
involve rodlike structures
(Chromosomes)
preceded by duplication
of the chromosomes
linked with replication
of their DNA contents
Multicellular
Division
Differentiation
e.g. stem cell
Dedifferentiation
e.g. conversion of normal cells
into cancer cells
Sexual reproduction
Male (gametes)
[Diploid]
#
Spermatozoon (gametes)
[Haploid]
&
Female
[Diploid]
#
Oocyte (gametes)
[Haploid]
Fertilized Egg
[Diploid]
Meiosis
#
#
Crossing-over
Plant reproduction
Alternation of
generations
Spore
Haploid
organism
Gametes
Fertilized egg
1 more item...
Development
ruled by transcriptional
gene control
certain protein molecules,
called transcription factors,
regulate this process
how identical stem cells differentiate
to become the 220-odd different kinds of cells
that compose the human body
Genes arr organized by transcription
into a hierarchy dominated by master genes
Homeotic genes
control complex development programs
share a sequence of 180 bases
homeobox
Eukaryotes
Endosymbiosis
Two key organelles
were once bacteria
Mitochondria
main sites of oxidative
energy production
Chloroplasts
harbor light-utilizing
systems ~ oxygen generating