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Propaganda (General Info (Originally a religious concept (17th c), Mass…

- - - - Persuade peasants to accept collectivization & portray what was happening in the countryside in a positive manner to the urban population
    - - Five-Year Plans
      - Expansion of the Gulag
      - Propaganda & Coercion: the great hardships are necessary to build a nation capable of defending itself against powerful external enemies
    - - Propaganda emphasized the need for vigilance and sacrifice against fascism and Nazism
        
        External Enemies& Internal Traitors
  - - - Dominant Role
    - - Potential due to illiteracy
      - Expensive
      - Loudspeakers in Factories
    - - Carnivals & Parades
      - 1930s: Show Trials
    - - Based on Opposition & Conflict
      - Wall Newspapers in Labor Camps
    - - Persuade & Educate rather than Entertain
      - Tight Governmental Control
      - 1920s: not very effective to produce and distribute across the country
      - Foreign films were still being imported
      - still a predominantly urban form of entertainment in the 1920s
      - Soviet films 1920s: Opposition & Conflict
        
        political constraints, yet considerable artistic freedom
        
        not enjoyed by the soviet public
      - under Stalin
        
        greater restriction
        
        more accessible
        
        limited options (no foreign films and less Soviet films)
        
        "socialist realism" only acceptable style
- - - - Violence at events led to more publicity
  - - - mobilize the masses in support of the party
    - - the press: means to inform and instruct
      - radio: link between individual citizen and the nation
    - - gradually eroded the independence of German newspapers
      - press conferences & directives
      - late 1930s
        
        single state-controlled news-agency
        
        Nazi party's publishing house had assumed control of the majority of the press
    - - wall newspapers
      - Radio
        
        state-regulated since the mid-1920s
        
        1933: Nazis centralized control
        
        1939: 70% of households had it
        
        loudspeakers in public spaces
        
        used to reach German minorities abroad
      - Television
        
        in public spaces; did not become a mass medium under the nazis
      - film
        
        entertainment as propaganda
        
        few foreign films were imported
        
        1937-1942: nationalization of film industry
        
        sustain home-front morale
        
        very important
        
        newsreels that had to be shown before films
- - - - no direct control over press
      - relied on censorship and regulation and appeals to common sense and patriotism
      - not all propaganda was governmental (media organizations)
      - certain advantages and disadvantages
        
        high degree of penetration of American media (but hey were in private hands)
        
        regulated to a lesser extent than in Britain
        
        no system of public-service broadcasting
        
        isolationism-> no threat to mobilize troops against
        
        campaigns against US involvement in the war
        
        race
        
        lack of enthusiasm among the black population-> undermined the war effort& served as example of disunity
      - one of the main aims: provide a clear rationale for involvement in the war
      - OWI-> only partially successful in securing media cooperation
      - other media
        
        film
        
        made use of the world's leading film industry
        
        voluntary support of filmmakers (wanted to seem patriotic to the public + access to military facilities and equipment)
        
        OWI controlled projections of films in liberated areas-> incentive for studios to cooperate
        
        Some Hollywood directors served with the army in order to make propaganda movies
        
        seen as the most effective means of propaganda: visual appeal and blending of political message with entertainment
        
        film studios were sometimes weary of OWI's requests to change scripts: the portrayal of black soldiers hurt their business in the South (modest success)
        
        seen by some as a chance to bring about social change
        
        encourage black support for the war
        
        newsreels
        
        created by film studios to satisfy the public's desire for visual information and sustain morale
        
        radio
        
        important role
        
        by 1940 all americans had access to radio; main news source for many
        
        balancing southern audiences and boosting black morale was a dilemma here as well
      - censorship of showing atrocities of war, as well as the racial divide (changed in 1943 to avoid public complacency about the war)
    - - US: OWI (office of war information); UK: MOI (ministry of information)
      - subtle and indirect
      - strategy of truth/ propaganda with facts-> not always effective
      - the other extreme: demonize and generate hate towards the enemy (e.g. war with Japan)
- - - - concern for black americans' support of war
      - fear that blatant racism would be exploited by japanese propaganda
- - - - WW1: reputation of exaggerating and lying
    - - top priority was now given to news
      - 3 main principles
        
        not enough to suppress news; the public demands news, especially in wartime and to deprive it is bad for morale
        
        the news must be true and accurate (propaganda with truth, if not the whole truth)
        
        censorship is best when invisible (pre-censorship over post-censorship)