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HANNAH'S STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (BREATHING…
HANNAH'S STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
how we breath
nose
mouth
trachea (covered with cilia)
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
diaphragm
lungs = low pressure
air + high presssure
GASEOUS EXCHANGE
takes place by diffusion
oxygen in the alveoli (which has a HIGH concentration of oxygen) diffuses into the blood capillaries (which has a LOW concentration of oxygen)
oxygen that diffuses OUT of the alveoli is REPLACED by the air that we continue to breath in
carbon dioxide in the blood capillaries which surround the alveoli have a HIGH concentration of carbon dioxide, the alveoli contains a LOW concentration
carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli FROM the BLOOD and is eventually breathed out
when oxygen diffuses into the blood, it combines with HAEMOGLOBIN (red pigment found in red blood cells)
OXYHAEMOGLOBIN
4 oxygen molecules + 1 haemoglobin molecule
haemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen around the body, as well as carbon dioxide
BREATHING
INSPIRATION
breathing in
EXPIRATION
breathing out
BREATHING IN DURING REST
external muscles contract
diaphragm contracts (flattens)
ribs go up and out - which increases the chest cavity
reduction in pressure - atmospheric air is drawn in
BREATHING DURING EXERCISE
internal + external muscles work together to get more oxygen
INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
internal and external muscles
NORMAL BREATHING
external muscles inbetween the ribs work
BREATHING OUT DURING REST
external muscles relaxes
diaphragm relaxes (curves)
ribs go down and in - which decreases the chest cavity
increase in pressure - air is forced out
BREATHING IN DURING EXERCISE
pectorals + sternocleidomastoid help raise the ribs up and out further to allow a larger chest cavity
larger chest cavity - bigger difference in pressure
air goes in quicker
BREATHING OUT DURING EXERCISE
abdominals help to 'squeeze' the ribs in and down quicker
air forced out quicker
LUNG VOLUMES
TIDAL VOLUME
the amount of air that enters the lungs during normal inspiration at rest
average tidal volume = 500ml
same amount leaves the lungs during expiration
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
the amount of extra air inspired (above tidal volume) during a deep breath in
this can be as high as 3000ml
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
the amount of extra air expired (above tidal volume) during a forceful breath out
RESIDUAL VOLUME
the amount of air left in the lungs following a maximal expiration
there is always some air remaining in the lungs
BLOOD VESSELS
VASOCONSTRICTION
reducing the diameter of small arteries to reduce the blood flow to tissues
VASODILATION
increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues
ARTERIES
blood vessels carrying blood AWAY from the heart
VEINS
blood vessels carrying blood TOWARDS the heart
CAPILLARIES
very thin blood vessels that allow gas exchange to happen
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
LEFT SIDE
left atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valve
aorta
RIGHT SIDE
right atrium
right ventricle
atrioventricular valve
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
CARDIAC CYCLE
DIASTOLE
heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood
SYSTOLE
ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries
sequence of events that occur when the heart beats
blood through the heart is controlled by pressure changes
the pressure changes cause different valves to open
the opening of the different valves either allows blood to flow OR it can close to prevent backflow of blood
CARDIAC OUTPUT
the volume of blood that the heart is able to pump out (litres per min)
2 MAJOR FACTORS FORM CARDIO OUTPUT
heart rate
number of beats per minute
stroke volume
the volume of blood that leaves the heart during each contraction
HOW TO WORK IT OUT
Q = HR x SV
WHEN YOU EXERCISE
higher Q = higher HR x higher SV
LONG TERM (WHEN YOU'RE FIT)
same Q = lower HR x higher SV