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ACIDS AND BASES (BASE / ALKALI (Base is a chemical substance that reacts…

- - - - CHARACTERISTIC
        
        pH > 7
        
        taste bitter
        
        change red litmus paper to blue
      - TYPE
        
        Strong Alkali
        
        alkali that ionses completely in water to produce high concentration of Hydroxide ions. OH-
        
        Potassium Hydroxide
        
        Barium Hydroxide
        
        Sodium Hydroxide
        
        Weak Alkali
        
        alkali that ionses partially in water to produce low concentration of Hydroxide ions. OH-
        
        Ammonia solution
      - CHEMICAL PROPERIES
        
        Alkali + Ammonium Salt → Salt +Water + Ammonia gas
        
        observation
        
        gas with pungent smell produced
        
        damp red litmus paper turns blue
        
        Alkali + metal ion → insoluble metal hydroxide
        
        observation
        
        insoluble solid produced
        
        if transation metal salt , it will be coloured
- - - - steps
        
        The solute is weigh
        
        The solute is completely dissolved in distilled water
        
        Calculate the mass of solute needed
        
        Transferred to a volumetric flask partially filled with distilled water
        
        5.Distilled water is added until calibration mark of volumetric flask
        
        The volumetric flask is inverted to make sure thorough the mixing.
- - - - pH < 7.
      - Taste sour
      - Change litmus paper from blue to red
    - - strong acid
        
        acid that ionises completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrgen ion, H+
        
        Nitric acid
        
        Sulphuric acid
        
        Hydrochloric acid
      - weak acid
        
        acid that ionises partially in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ion, H+
        
        Ethanoic acid
        
        Carbonic acid
    - - Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Water +Carbon Dioxide
        
        observation
        
        colourless gas bubbles released
        
        lime water turns cloudy
        
        white solid dissolves
      - Acid + Reactive Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
        
        observation
        
        colourless gas bubbles released
        
        produce 'pop' sound when put burning wooden splinter
        
        grey solid dissolves
- - - - pH < 7.
      - react with metal, base/alkali and metal carbonate
      - Change litmus paper from blue to red
    - - change red litmus paper to blue
      - pH > 7
      - can conduct electricity because the presence of moving ion
      - react with acid and ammonium salt
- - - - Acid-Base indicator
        
        Phenolphtahalein
        
        Universal indicator
        
        Methyl orange
        
        Litmus solution
      - pH meter
    - - molarity of acid /alkali (mol dm-3)
      - basicity of an acid (number of ionasable hydrogen atom per molecule of acid in aqueous solution)
      - strength of acid /alkali
- - - - Industries
        
        released acidic gas
        
        Calcium Oxide,CaO
        
        Acid in latex
        
        Ammonia, NH4
      - Health
        
        acid in mouth
        
        Toothpaste -Magnesium Hydroxide,Mg(OH)2
        
        bee sting
        
        baking powder - Sodium Bicarbonate, NaHCO3
        
        gastric
        
        antacid
        
        Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
        
        Sodium Bicarbonate, NaHCO3
        
        Magnesium Hydroxide,Mg(OH)2
        
        Wasp sting
        
        Vinegar - Ethanoic acid
      - Agriculture
        
        Basic soil
        
        methane gas, CH4
        
        acidic water
        
        Calcium Oxide,CaO
        
        acidic soil
        
        Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
        
        Calcium Oxide, CaO
    - - technique to determine the volume of acid to neutralize the fixed volume base