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The Iberian Peninsula during the Early Middle Ages (Political Developments…
The Iberian Peninsula during the Early Middle Ages
Political Developments
1.End of Visigothic Kingsdom
710:Rodrigo as King, ask North African Muslims for military aim
Berbers arrived to the peninsula, Rodrigo confronted them in Battle of Guadalete, Muslims won, he died
More Arabs and Berbers arrived
Conquered Toledo in 712
3 years later, almost all cities were conquested
722:Battle of Covadonga,Pelayo defeated Muslims
Muslims conquered Visigothic Kingdom
Desintegration of Visigothic army
Efficency of muslim soldiers
Measures applied to Christian and Jewish populations
Alliance with some Visigoth Nobles
Crossed the Pyrenees but defeated at Battle of Poitiers 732
2.Dependent Emirate (711-756)
Almost all peninsula
Dominions became part of Caliphate and became known as Al-Andalus
3.Independent Emirate (756-929)
Abderramán escaped from Damascus to Al-Andalus and name himself independent emir of the Caliphate
4.Cordoba Caliphate (929-1031)
Abderramán III named himself Caliph. Most Glorious Period
5.Taifa kingdoms (1031-1085)
Caliphate devided into small independent kingdoms called taifas.
6.North African Empires (1085-1212)
Almoravids and Almohads invaded taifa kingdoms.
Economy, Society and Culture
Economy
Agriculture
main economic activity
non-irrigated crops
new crops and plants
technological advances
farming, breeding and keeping
Trade
Trade routes
Strategic points
exported objects:craftwork, oil cotton
products imported
souks
society
Muslims
Arabs
Dominant group
Owner in latifundia
Berbers
North Africa
Converted to Islam
Livestock,farmers, soldiers
Muladies
Natives that converted to Islam
Non-Muslims
Mozarabs
natives that didn't convert
jews
lived in quartiers with synagogues
slaves
Culture
Córdoba
cultural centre
arabic official language
Astronomy,Medicine, Geography, History, Philosophy, Maths & Literature
Kingdoms and Zones
Asturias
Alfonso I
expanded domains towards Galicia
Alfonso III
conquered Coimbra and Oporto
divided his posesions in Asturias, Galica and León
León dominant kingdom
Capital from Oviedo to León
1065-kingdom of Castilla
Pamplona
Loyal to Córdoba Caliphate until 10th century
Indepence
Sancho III
added counties of Castilla and Aragon, after dead, kingdom devided
Pyrenean
Hispanic March
territories controlled by Charlemagne
Catalan counties
Barcelona important
County of Aragón
9th century
became part of kingdom of navarra
1035
Ramiro I
first king of Kingdom of Aragón
Christian kingdoms & repopulation
Economy
Agriculture
Subsistence:low production
crops-cereals
crop rotation
Livestock
sheep farming
Trade
limited, neighbouring areas
Society
Mostly Christians
also Muslims and Jews
Nobles
owners of lands
Peasants
Vassals
belonged to the nobles
lived and worked in their lands
free peasants
Repopulation
Mozarabs emigrated to the north to escape
repopulate uninhabited zone of kingdom of león
lands to free peasants
fueros to a city or region
control of the land
chruch and nobles with military power
allow muslims and jews to stay en their lands
paying special taxes