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Unit 2. The Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages (THE CHRISTAN…
Unit 2. The Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages
THE MUSLIM ZONE. Al- Andalus
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
The End of the Visigothic Kingdom
710
Visigoth nobles
Rodrigo king
some didn't like
Rodrigo King
ask North African Muslims
military aim
army of Berbers
arrived
Iberian Peninsula
led by Tariq
Rodrigo confronted them
Battle Guadalete
Cadiz
711
Muslims won
Rodrigo died
Arabs and Berbers arrived to Peninsula
joined Tariq's army
advanced to Toledo
conquered
in 712
3 years later
almost all cities
reconquered
Resistance in the North
722
Battle of Covadonga
led by Pelayo
defeated
the Muslims
Muslims conquered Visigoth Kingdom
Efficiency
Muslim soldiers
Measures
applied to
population
Jewish
Christian
Desintegration
Visigoth army
Alliance
some Visigoth nobles
crossed
Pyrenees
but
defeated
Battle of Poitiers
in 732
Dependent Emirate
711-756
controlled
Peninsula
(but the North)
Dominions
in the Peninsula
became part caliphate
became as Al-Andalus
(capital in Córdoba)
Independent Emirate
756-929
Abderramán
escaped from Damascus
name himself
Independent Emir
of the caliphate
Córdoba caliphate
929-1031
Abderramán III
named himself
caliph
most glorious period
The taifa kingdoms
1031-1085
Internal fights
Caliphate
divided
small independent kingdoms
called taifas
North African Empires
1085-1212
Almoravids and Almohads
invaded
the taifa kingdoms
ECONOMY
Agriculture
main economic activity
Non-irrigated crops mantained
wheat
grapevines
olives-oil
new crops and plants
rice
sugar
citrus fruits
cotton
...
Introduction
technological advances
irrigation
channels
waterwheels
wells
Cheep farming
+
pigeon breeding
+
bee-keeping
Trade
was prosperous
Peninsula
integrated into the
trade routes
of the caliphate
strategic point
Muslim and Christian world
merged
Exported
craftwork
cotton
oil
Imported
animal skins
metals
gold
weapons
luxury products
Souks
places to trade
Urban development
SOCIETY
Various social groups
coexisted
Different rights
depending on where
they came from
the religion they followed
divided
MUSLIMS
Berbers
from North Africa
converted to Islam
worked as
soldiers
...
livestock farmers
Muladies
natives of the Peninsula
converted to Islam
worked in
agriculture
Arabs
dominant group
owner of latifundia
NON-MUSLIMS
Jews
they lived
in Jewish quartiers
with synagogues
traders
doctors
craftsmen
Slaves
worked as
servants
in mines
...
Mozarabs
natives
didn't convert
they lived separately
CULTURE
Córdoba
cultiral centre
Arabic
official language
many words
from Arabic
in the Romance language
development of
arts and sciences
History
Philosophy
Geography
Maths
Medicine
Astronomy
Literature
THE CHRISTAN KINGDOMS 8th-10th CENTURY
KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS
Alfonso I
739-757
expanded domains towards
and Galicia
began
to occupy
the Northen Meseta
Alfonso III
866-910
conquered
Coimbra
Oporto
when he died
he divided his possessions
three kingdoms
Galicia
León
became
dominant kingdom
1 more item...
Asturias
Capital moved from Oviedo to León
to defend
themselves
against Muslims
they built castles
1 more item...
KINGDOM OF PAMPLONA
was formed
in 824
loyal to the
Córdoba Caliphate
until the end
10th century
it was its
independence
and alliance
with difference kingdoms
beggining th century
maximum size
Sancho III
added
counties
Castilla and Aragon
to his dominions
after his dead
kingdom was divided
PYRENEAN ZONE
Catalan Counties
most important one
Barcelona
County of Aragón
in the 9th century
it broke away
from Frankish Kingdom
became part
Kingdom of Navarra
1035
independent
Ramiro I
first king
Kingdom of Aragón
Hispanic March
terrritories
central and eastern
Pyrenees
controlled
by the Charlemagne
ECONOMY
Agriculture
subsistence
cereals
low production
crop rotation
fallow
Livestock
sheep farming
Trade
only with neighbours
SOCIETY
mostly Christians
but also
Muslims
Jews
divided
nobles
owners
lands
titles
given
by monarch
peasants
Vassals
belonged nobles
worked and lived
in their lands
free peasants
REPOPULATION
mozarabs emigrated
North
scape
religious persecution
Kingdom of León
uninhabited
zone
repopulate
prevent attacks
from Muslims
Awarding fueros
Control
land
Giving lands
free peasants
allowing
Jewish and Christians
stay in their lands
exchanged
pay special takes