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Globalisation (Enquiry Question 1 : What are the causes of globalisation…

- - - - Interdependence and flows (of capital, information, migrants and tourists
      - Widening and deepening global connections
    - - Developments in transport and trade (rail, steam ship etc.) and accelerated in the 20th century (jet aircraft, containerisation)
      - Shrinking world
    - - 21st century
      - Dominated by ICT development
      - Lowering communication costs
      - Time-space compression
        
        Replacement of mail with e-mail, texting etc., no need to be face to face to have conversations etc.
  - - - International and political organisations
        
        WTO (world trade organisation
        
        World Bank
        
        IMF (international Monetary Fund)
      - Large contribution to globalisation
      - Promotion of free trade policies and FDI
        
        FDI - foreign direct investment
    - - National Governments key players in promoting trade blocs
        
        European Union
      - Policies
      - Role of governments in economic liberalisation
    - - Special Economic Zone
      - Government Subsidies
      - Attitudes to FDI changing
        
        China's 1978 Open Door Policy
      - Contributed to spread of globalisation into new global regions
      - "Role of governments in attracting foreign investment"
  - - - Degree of globalisation varies by country
      - Can be measured using indicators and indices
        
        AT Kearney Index
        
        KOF index
    - - Reasons for switching off from globalisation
        
        Physical
        
        Political
        
        Economic
        
        Environmental
      - Examples
        
        Sahel countries
        
        North Korea (DPRK)
    - - TNC's are important in globalisation
        
        "role of TNCs" #
        
        Contribute to spread
        
        Global production networks
        
        Glocalisation
        
        Development of new markets
      - Taking advantage of economic liberalisation
        
        Outsourcing
        
        Offshoring
- - - - Movement of economic centre of gravity to Asia
        
        Global shift of manufacturing
        
        China
        
        Outsourcing of services
        
        India
      - Can lead to changes in the built environment
        
        Costs
        
        Loss of productive land
        
        Unplanned settlements
        
        Resource pressure
        
        Benefits
        
        Infrastructure Investment
        
        Waged work
        
        Poverty reduction
        
        Education
        
        Training
    - - Major environmental problems
        
        Air and water pollution
        
        Land degredation
        
        Over-exploitation of resources
        
        Loss of biodiversity
      - In developing countries
      - Impact on people's health and wellbeing
    - - Some deindustralised regions regions face problems
        
        Social
        
        Depopulation
        
        Crime
        
        High Unemployment
        
        Environmental
        
        Dereliction
        
        Contamination
        
        Result of economic restructuring
  - - - Rural-urban migration (Push / pull factors) and or natural increase
      - Responsible for the growth of megacities
        
        Mumbai
        
        Karachi
      - Rapid urban growth
        
        Challenges
        
        Social
        
        Environmental
    - - International migration increase in global hub cities and regions
      - Elite migration
        
        Russian Oligarchs to London
      - Mass low-wage economic migration
        
        India to UAE or the Philippines to Saudi Arabia
    - - Costs of migration and benefits of migration
        
        Source
        
        Hosts
        
        Factors
        
        Economic
        
        Social
        
        Political
        
        Environmental
  - - - TNCs, global media corporations, tourism and migration create increasingly 'westernised' global culture
        
        Rising cultural homogeneity
        
        Increased cultural erosion
        
        Impacts on both the environment and people
        
        Changing diets in Asia
      - Cultural diffusion occurs as a result of globalisation
      - Spread of global culture has also given new opportunities to disadvantaged groups
        
        Rio 2016 Summer Paralympics
        
        Particularly in emerging and developing countries
        
        "Opportunities for disadvantaged groups due to spread of global culture"
    - - Cultural erosion
        
        Loss of language
        
        Loss of traditional food, music and clothes
        
        Loss of social relations
        
        Loss of tribal lifestyles
        
        Papua New Guinea
    - - Concern about cultural impacts
        
        Economic
        
        Environmental Exploitation
      - Opposition to globalisation from some groups
      - "Asses the attitudes of pro and anti- globalisation groups, environmental movement
- - - - Economic measures of development (single and composite
        
        Income per capita
        
        Economic Sector Balance
      - Contrast with those focused on social development
        
        Human Development Index (HDI)
        
        Gender Inequality Index (GII)
      - Environmental quality (air pollution indices)
    - - Trends in widening income inequality, globally and nationally
        
        Measured using Gini coefficient
      - Suggest globalisation has created winners and losers
        
        People and physical environments
      - Between and within developed, emerging and developing economies
    - - Contrasting trends in economic development and environmental management between global regions since 1970 indicate differential progress
  - - - Open borders
      - Deregulation
      - Encouragement of FDI
      - Created culturally mixed societies
        
        Thriving migrant diasporas
      - Tensions have resulted elsewhere
        
        Rise of extremism in Europe
        
        Trans-boundary water conflicts in south-east Asia
    - - Attempts made to control spread of globalisation
        
        By Censorship
        
        North Korea
        
        China
        
        Limiting Immigration
        
        UK
        
        Japan
        
        Australia
        
        Trade Protectionism and Cultural protection (anti cultural homogeneity)
        
        France
    - - Some groups seek to retain cultural identity within countries
        
        Seek to retain culture and physical resources
        
        First Nations in Canada
        
        American Indians
        
        Others embrace economic advantages
  - - - Local groups and NGOs promote local sourcing
        
        Resposne to globalisation increasing sustainability
      - Transition towns
      - "Actions of local pressure groups"
      - Costs and benefits
        
        Environmental
        
        Social
        
        Economic
    - - Fair trade and ethical consumption schemes
        
        Reduce environmental degradation
        
        Reduce inequalities of global trade
        
        Improve working conditions for some people
        
        "Actions of NGOs and pressure groups"
    - - Recycling has a role in managine resource consumption and economical footprints
        
        Its use varies by product and place
        
        Local authorities in the UK
        
        Local NGOs such as Keep Britain Tidy
        
        "Environmental consequences of different patterns of resource consumption