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GROUPS, TEAMS, & COLLABORATION (Team Development (TUCKMAN et al. 1997)…

- - - - Project teams are formed to design solutions
      - Reporting streams can be unclear for team members
    - - Co-located across various location
      - Can be difficult to generate team ethod (e.g. trust, knowledge of skills
    - - Front-line employees who produce an output.
      - May be autonomous
  - - - Monitor evaluator... Sober, strategic and discerning. sees all options
      - Teamworker.. co-operative, mild, perceptive, averts friction
      - Shaper.. dynamic, challenging, thrives off pressure
      - Implementer... disciplined, reliable, efficient. Practical
      - Coordinator... mature, confident, clarifies goals
      - Completer Finisher.. conscientiousness, searches out errors
      - Resource investigator... extrovert, enthusiastic communicative
      - Specialist.. single minded, self starting, dedicated.
      - Plant.. Creative, imaginative
    - - Lack of empirical support (Fisher 2001)
        
        But teams with distribution of roles = better (Prichard and stanton, 1999)
- - - - Le Bon (1895): Individuals are transformed when they join a group- CROWDS transform!
      - Wundt (1916) Group membership influences all cognitive and perceptual procesess
      - Durkheim (1897): traced a personal process, suicide, to group leve. Collective representations as the cornerstone of society. Higher proportion of suicide in protestants than catholics
      - Allport (1924) --> Groups are not real. 'group fallacy' - you cannot trip over a group.
        (1942) study rumours and morale in WWI, individuals bound in one all inclusive structure.
    - - Autokinetic effect experiments. Group norms: shared standard that descrives should or should not behaviours. Demonstrates group conformity
    - - Field Theory: Premised on the principle of interactionism. The whole is greater than the sum. when individuals merge, a new thing is created.
    - - Conflict for limited resources.. Common goal was what binded them together.
  - - - Members of a group are connected to each other. These Social ties are not of one type e.g. kin ship, or friendship, work. The larger the group, the more ties are needed to join members to each other and to the group.
        
        Max no of ties within a group in which everyone is linked to everyone else is given by the equation n(n-1)/2 where n is the number of people in the group. Only one relationship is needed to create a dyad, but the number of ties needed to create a group exponentially increases as the group get larger: 10 ties would be needed to join each member of a 5-person group to every other member.
        
        When the ties are strong, the group is more enduring and its influence on its members more extensive. But weak ties are also essential to the long term functioning of groups. When info diffuses through the group, it flows firstly along strong ties, but to permeate the entire group it must also be shared among members who are linked by weaker ties.
      - Group Qualities
        
        1) Interaction
        
        People have interpersonal interactions. Bales (1950): 2 types of intereactions. TASK (related to goals) and RELATIONSHIP (relates to emotional bonds e.g. social support)
        
        2) Goals
        
        3) Interdependence
        
        Mutual dependence (Can be symmetric, hierachical, &/or reciprocated. What happens to a member happens to the group.
        
        4) Structure
        
        Persistent and interrelated features of a group, such as roles and norms, that influence the functioning of the group as a whole and create regularities in the interactions of its members. ORDER AND CONTROL
        
        Norms : shared beliefs about appropriate behaviour for all group members. Descriptive (is) and prescriptive (ought). Explicit (the law) and implicit (taken for granted). Provide stability, therefore resistant to change.
        
        Roles: shared expected behaviours and needed task. Describe and prescribe behaviour of particular group members. Implicit (group of friends), explicit (project team). Often assumed (e.g. Zimbardo)
        
        5) Cohesiveness
        
        The solidarity or unity of a group resulting from the development of strong and mutual interpersonal bonds among members and group-level forces that unify the group, such as as hared commitment to group goals
      - Types of groups
        
        Primary
        
        Cooley (1909) labeled small intimate clusters (e.g. families, good friends, peers) as primary groups. Primary agents of socialization.
        
        These groups profoundly influence the behaviour, feelings, and judgments of their members.
        
        Characterised by frequence interaction, holidarity and high levels of interdependence.
        
        Social
        
        e.g. work groups, clubs, congregations. Less intimate and more public. Often larger and more formally organised, and less emotionally involved.
        
        Boundaries are more permeable, and membership is not as committed. These groups are more TASK ORIENTATED
        
        Collectives
        
        Relatively large aggregations or groups of individuals who display similarities in actions and looks. Often used for more spontaneous and looser forms of association.
        
        e.g. a queue of people waiting to get tickets, or protestors.
        
        Categories
        
        Share some common attribute or are related in some way. Such categories often influence SOCIAL IDENTIFY (Tajfel)
        
        e.g Londonders
    - - Research conducted by Lickel, Hamilton, Sherman et al. suggests that people spontaneously draw distinctions among primary groups, social groups, collectives and more general social categories
      - The Thomas Theorum, applied to gruops, suggests that if individuals think an aggregate is a true group then the group will have important interpersonal consequences for those in the group and for those observing it.
      - The pereption of entitativity (groupness) according to Campbell, is substantially influenced by common fate, similarity, and proximity cues within an aggregation
- - - - How times is used by individual members,
        
        communciation, norms and role definitoin,
        
        DM organisaiton structure,
        
        Stress on techniques to manage uncertainty
      - Challenge in relationships: team memberships do not anticipate future relationships beyond deadline so not concerned with long term efficacy of the process main focus on the task (Gradher, 2002)