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:!: PPG 11 - The changing context of policy processes (2) societal changes…
:!:
PPG 11 - The changing context of policy processes
1) what is governance?
h&h :books:
governance
- the process by which decisions, laws and policies are made, with or without the input of formal institutions
k&t :male-teacher:
governance
- a label attached to a great variety of processes and as a normative label
it is a spread among actors amongst different levels
^^ being why there is a multi-level purpose label attached to it
"Stoker quoting Rhodes" ??? - governance means a change in governing e.g. the new method in how society is governed or a change in the condition of rule ???
5 propositions:
government refers to a complex set of of institutions and actors that are drawn from but also beyond government
governance recognises the blurring of boundaries and responsibilities for tackling social and economic issues
governance identifies the power independence involved in the relationships between institutions involved in collective action
governance is about autonomous self-governing networks of actors
governance recognises the capacity to get things done which does not rest on the power of government to command or use authority. It sees government as able to steer and guide using new tools and techniques
two approaches to governance
governing in governance networks
new modes of co-ordinating governing activities
e.g. cyber crime > needs to be dealt with on an international basis
what's new in governing?
-governments have become increasingly dependent on civil society and businesses to achieve their goals in relation to complex issues (governance networks)
also been changes to whether it the mode is hierarchical or nonhierarchical
new processes in governing:
there are now many centres of power (decentralised???) >> e.g. the EU, the UN, the state >> due to international cooperation
the state is stepping back meaning they hold less responsibility
no actors have the knowledge or resources to attack unilaterally >> cooperation is key
the government has to learn new operating codes which are not based in hirearchy
2) societal changes triggering governance
HAJER 7 PRINCIPLES of CMG - CLASSIC MODERNIST GOVERNANCE
1) territoriality
territorial synchrony -- national territory matches with cultural coherence and economic developments
govs cannot interfere with other governments on a national level
monopolies are exercised in certain territories
there are disagreements over territories
5) positivist model of science for policy
think politics should be looked at scientifically
4) distinction from politics and bureaucracy
6) more citizen ppt in add on fashion
answers the question of legitimacy -- the involvement of citizens should increase the legitimacy
3) political leadership is mandated through election
7) the media are the messengers
2) democratic institutions are nested
governments develop from small to big (Russian doll model)
there are layers to government
there are varied jurisdictions
nesting means how the power is given to the municipalities
erosion of CMG - triple deficit
implementation deficit
gov can no longer implement policy and have reliance on others to help/do it for them
learning deficit
they don't have the monopoly on knowledge anymore
legitimacy deficit
decisions aren't just accepted they are contested more
HAJER ON AUTHORITY:
has a rational conception which is
communicative (convincing)
performative - how they perform to convince,
authority depends on communication rather than the quality of the person/office
new reality welfare states
early 70s after WW2 and oil crisis, the governments couldn't afford welfare
lots of money had been invested but this was not substantial
the birth of neoliberalism ---- privatisation and personal responsibility
globalisation
social media, transportation, cultural and market sense
individualisation
dependencies between people are shifting, people want to make their own choices
and people have become more critical of their governments
risk and uncertainty
society is more fragile
knowledge
advice given to gov, people contest scientific fact daily, people have become constructivists
new social movements
agenda setting has changed due to the influence of interest and social groups which influence how gov function
3) political authority problems and governance
institutional void
- where there are no clear and generally accepted rules or norms according to which politics is to be conducted and policy measures are to be agreed upon
-- there is no context without rules, it does not mean CMG has disappeared, it is a void not empty, there is just something missing but there is not nothing
occurs due to different interpretations, rules are unclear as there as so many actors involved
-No clear hierarchy >> one actor must be authoritative in order to govern
-Lack of rules that function institutionally
-Negotiating the way decisions have to be reached
-Authority derives from particulars of the group
-Leadership has to be acquired
authoritative allocation of meaning
how to communicate policy, it needs to be convincing whilst taking rules regulations and finances into account, also need to convince other actors involved
mediatised governance
Media are very important to express political ideas/preferences
A lot of media is partisan
Power depends on communication, so you have to deal with the media environment to a large extent
politics with multiplicities:
how to vest authority in a context with
multiple places
multiple people/public
multiple media
Weber on Authority:
Rational legal authority
The authority of the state being vested in rules
Because of constitutions, rule of law, administrative law
Authority based on the fact that the state has this mandate
Authority is given and is there to be put into law
Traditional authority
Patterns
Informal rules
Cultural norms
Charismatic authority
Attributes of specific persons
In authoritarian regimes
:books: K+T
3 MAIN GOVERNANCE MODES
hierarchy
markets
networks
4 ideal types of governance
interventionist governance -- understanding the need of policy making through governments, so the state is dominant
regulated self governance -- private actors ppt formally through institutions
cooperative governance -- voluntary agreements between public and private actors
private self-governance -- state only provides guidance, dependent on private capacity
whether or not governance is good can be measured on:
decision making capacity -- expected low in hierarchical intervention -- ^^ with cooperation
implementation of decisions -- likely in the case of regulated self governance
democratic legitimacy -- self governance would be the most problematic
authority needs to be earned and not taken for granted
governance is the changing of governing, and these things help governance growth