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Ch. 7: Uprooted (west Africa, the Americas and the Atlantic Slave Trade…

- - - - lost its monopoly in 1689 because it was too closely alligned with the stuarts
      - The House of Stuart, originally Stewart and, in Gaelic, Stiùbhart, was a European royal house that originated in Scotland. The dynasty's patrilineal Breton ancestors had held the office of High Steward of Scotland since the 12th century, after arriving by way of Norman England. The royal Stewart line was founded by Robert II, and they were Kings and Queens of Scots from the late 14th century until the union with England in 1707. Mary, Queen of Scots, was brought up in France, where she adopted the French spelling of the name, Stuart. Her son, James VI of Scotland, inherited the thrones of England and Ireland upon the death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Except for the period of the Commonwealth, 1649–1660, the Stuarts were monarchs of the British Isles and its growing empire, until the death of Queen Anne in 1714
      - the glorious revolution
        
        The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III, Prince of Orange. William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascension to the throne as William III of England jointly with his wife, Mary II, James's daughter, after the Declaration of Right, leading to the Bill of Rights 1689
        
        King James's policies of religious tolerance after 1685 met with increasing opposition from members of leading political circles, who were troubled by the King's Catholicism and his close ties with France. The crisis facing the King came to a head in 1688, with the birth of his son, James Francis Edward Stuart, on 10 June (Julian calendar).[a] This changed the existing line of succession by displacing the heir presumptive (his daughter Mary, a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange) with young James Francis Edward as heir apparent. The establishment of a Roman Catholic dynasty in the kingdoms now seemed likely. Some Tory members of parliament worked with members of the opposition Whigs in an attempt to resolve the crisis by secretly initiating dialogue with William of Orange to come to England, outside the jurisdiction of the English Parliament.[1] Stadtholder William, the de facto head of state of the Dutch United Provinces, feared a Catholic Anglo–French alliance and had already been planning a military intervention in England.
        
        James II
        
        James II and VII (14 October 1633O.S. – 16 September 1701[1]) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII,[3] from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland.
        
        The second surviving son of Charles I, he ascended the throne upon the death of his brother, Charles II. Members of Britain's Protestant political elite increasingly suspected him of being pro-French and pro-Catholic and of having designs on becoming an absolute monarch. When he produced a Catholic heir, a son called James Francis Edward, leading nobles called on his Protestant son-in-law and nephew William III of Orange to land an invasion army from the Dutch Republic, which he did in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. James fled England (and thus was held to have abdicated).[4] He was replaced by his eldest, Protestant daughter Mary II and her husband, William III.
        
        Charles I
        
        Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649)[a] was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.
      - was dissolved in 1752
      - carried 2.5 milloin slaves during the 18th century
- - - - Paul Lovejoy -> this resulted in centuries of stagnation
      - PATRICK MANNING the subsaharan population in 1850 could have been 100 million instead of 50 million
  - - - Fernand Bruadel: mostly luxury goods that have no linkage and therefore did not contribute to increased productivity.
      - WALTER RODNEY : 1972 book how europe underdeveloped Africa not only removed people from the continent but also destroyed African nascent industry
    - - another group of historians maintains that the slave trade was too dispersed etc to have any impact on the economy
  - - - demands of the slave trade grew throughout the 17th and 18th centtury and african states had to make slaves to get guns to ate more captives etc otherwise it would have been taken over by another people this is called the gun-slave cycle.
      - there is considerable anecdotal evidence for this position
    - - African wars were caused by territorial expansion, state rivalries control over resources etc.
      - King Dahomey did not conquer for the slave trade
    - - there is evidence for both positions and provides a case for regional variations
    - - created slaver y within Africa
        
        some historians argue that before the Europeans came they were marginal institutions and that after the Europeans came you had save states as well for the first time in Africa
        
        Memoirs of Robert Norris in the late 18th century
        
        Manning: between 1700 and 1850, nine million were transported to the Americas, 21 million were captures and 7 million were used for domestic slavery