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Cancer and Biotechnology (Digital Analysis of Genomes (Libraries (cDNA…
Cancer and Biotechnology
Digital Analysis of Genomes
Restriction Enzymes
Recombinant Enzymes: Recognise specific sequence of bases anywhere within the genome and then severs 2 phosphodiester bonds at the sequence, one in the sugar-phosphate backbone of each strand
Recombinant Plasmid Vectors
Libraries
Genomic Library - contains all regions of DNA
cDNA Library - complementary DNA - single stranded DNA
includes only the exons from that part of the genome that these cells were actively transcribing for translation into protein.
Do not contain introns
Use of Tech to Identify/Analyse
ORF - open reading frame stretches of nucleotides that have a reading frame of triplets uninterrupted by a stop codon used for sequencing
identify protein coding exons
Transgenic Organisms /Manipulating Eukaryotic Genomes
Creation of Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic organism - genome contains at least one gene from different/same species that has been modified ("transgene")
Pronuclear injection after fertilisation
Plasmid Vectors and P elements
Use of Transgenes
Transgenes are made in vitro
Help to identify mutant genes in organisms
Reporter constructs to identify tissue coding
Medicine
CRISPR - one of many editing technologies derived from bacterial viral defense proteins
Cancer as a Genetic Disease
Inheritance Patterns - Dominant inheritance patterns are observed because of the high probability that the remaining wild-type copy of the tumor-suppressor gene will be lost in at least one cell
Usage of Drugs to Treat Cancer
Drugs target proteins produced by mutant oncogenes
Can be personalised by sequencing genome to pinpoint specific mutations
Understanding Cancer
Current Model for Genesis of Cancer within Somatic Cell
Cancer involves proliferation of clone of cells
Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressor Genes
Oncogenes: Mutant alleles that act in a dominant fashion to promote cancer
Proto-oncogene: Normal, nonmutant allele of oncogenes that encode for cell-cycle progression
Tumour Suppressor Genes: Mutant alleles that act in a recessive fashion to promote cancer