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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (How far was the development of the Terror in France…

- - - - napoleon's early career- siege of toulon and rising of vendemaire 1795- link to role in italyearly work in toulon and paris brought napoleon to the attention of the directors and brought him fame and promotion (commander of italian army)
      - underpinning his success was the weakness and unpopularity of directory apathy and disillusionment meant a lack of app to n in 1799, allowing him to seize power and introduce the cons of yr 3.
      - role of napoleon in italy and egypt (developing statesman ship, loyalty of the army, fame and developing the art of propaganda)
        
        develped the art of the propagandas which was important in building his image, especially after the coup of brumaire eg arcola bridge and public opinion despite defeats in egypt and massacre at jaffa.
        
        1797 treaty of campo formio: Ended war between Austria and France and had terms very favourable to French. Austrian Netherlands (Belgium)... to be kept by France change from library to political ambition
        
        sucesses in italy bound the army to napoleon due to his rewards of land and gold. success brought him fame at home in france.it is here he developed his political ambition (ligurian and cisalpine republics and treaty of CF
      - coup of brumaire and role of lucien bonaparte and sieges
        
        political ambition and fame brought n to the attention of sieges in planning of coup. loyalty of the army ensure the success of the coup and helped secure n's position.
- - - - champs de mars massacre (1971 The commune under pressure from the N.A. declared martial law, Lafayette and the Nat. Guard marched on the demonstrators, fired at a peaceful unarmed crowd and killed 50 people. Martial law remained in place for a month, many people were detained) HELPED INCREASE REPUBLICAN SYMPATHISERS
      - Influence of Jacobins, Girondists and Cordeliers.
        
        Popular protests led by the Sans-Culottes
        
        The death of the Comte de Mirabeau
        
        The Flight to Varennes
        
        Divisions within the political clubs
        
        The Champs de Mars Massacre
      - the growing power of the sans-culottes whose invasion of the Tuileries on two occasions in
        1792 weakened the position of the King and led directly to his suspension and imprisonment.
    - - death of mirabeau: There were rumours that he was being paid by Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette and his untimely death enabled these rumours to grow , which contributed to the decline of the monarchy's popularity.
      - flight to varennes: Louis renounced all he had done since 1789 in a letter. He left this behind and escaped from Paris on 20th June 1791 with his family, planning to go to Luxembourg. However was recognised by a postmaster at Varennes. In the letter he showed his true antipathy for the Revolution thus he was resented and distrusted by the N.A and lost popularity. He also failed to comprehend the support for the Revolution of 1789 and the plight of the common people and did not realise how much power he had lost since 1789.
    - - military defeats: Internal division, mutinies in the army and the loss of many officers (guards Francais) who fled the country after revolution and the bankrupt nature of France limiting ability to buy/produce munitions.
        
        20th April 1792
        France invades the Austrian Netherlands but army panicked, retreated to Lille and murdered their commander.
      - pilnitz and brunswick: The Declaration of Pilnitz, Russia, Prussia and Austria threaten to invade France if the French to do not restore Louis . In reality this is more of an empty threat to scare the French and show solidarity with the King of France but the N.A. take it as a declaration of war. 11 months before Brunswick manifesto.
        
        25th July 1792
        Brunswick manifesto, commander of Austro- Prussian Army, calling for an end to war and To restore liberty of Louis XVI and his family,
        Set Louis free, If the Tuileries Palace is attacked or the royal family harmed the Austro- Prussian forces would use exemplary violence
        This had the effect of turning people against the monarchy
      - role and growing radicalisation of the sans culottes