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human physiology (digestive system (villi (a large number (increase…

- - - - kill bacteria
      - provide optimum pH
    - - digest Pr
  - - - from pancreas
    - - absorb food particles
    - - secrete enzymes
  - - - increase surface area for absorption
    - - food can be quickly absorbed
    - - increase surface area for absorption further
    - - rapid absorption
    - - provide ATP for active transport
    - - diffusion distance is small
    - - takes away fats after absorption
  - - - neutralize acid from the stomach
    - - emulsify fats and break them down into small droplets (increase surface) to make it easier for lipase enzymes to break them down
  - - - digest
        
        starch
        
        fats
        
        Pr
        
        nucleic acid
      - neutralise stomach acid
- - - - withstand high pressure
    - - pump blood
    - - prevents leaks and bulges
    - - maintain high pressure
  - - - nearby muscles can help push blood towards the heart
    - - pressure is low
    - - blood does not flow in pulses
    - - accommodate the slow flowing blood
  - - - diffuse distance is small
    - - allow plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid
      - phagocytes can also pass
    - - many capillaries can fit in a small space
- - - - CO2
      - hormones
      - nutrients
      - antibodies
      - urea
    - - O2
  - - - into
        
        thrombin
    - - become
        
        insoluble fibrin
    - - with Ca2+ & vitamin K
        
        release thromboplastins
    - - trap red blood cells
        
        clot is formed
- - - - gas exhange
      - occurs in the alveoli of lungs
      - O2 diffuses into capillaries from alveoli & CO2 diffuses out
    - - release energy
      - occurs in mitochondria& cytoplasm
      - O2 is used & CO2 is produced
  - - - makes small diffusion distance for rapid gas exchange
    - - allow O2 to diffuse into the blood and CO2 diffuse out
    - - increase the surface area for gas exchange
- - - - recognising
      - engulfing
      - endocytosis
    - - by injection of antibodies or antitoxin or from mother's milk
    - - develop after a primary immune response
      - cells produce antibodies themselves
- - - - have to be broken down to be used by our body
      - small enough to be absorbed by villi in the small intestine
    - - salivary amylase (pH 7
      - pepsin (pH 2
      - biological catalysis
        
        lowering the activation energy
      - pancreatic lipase (pH 7
      - trypsin (pH 8
      - maltase (pH 6.5