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Ch 5 Incursions (The Challengers (the Netherlands (Treaty of the Hague in…

- - - - between 1568 and 1585 there 14 known english raids
      - Francis Drake
        
        Francis Drake led several attacks to attack the Spanish
        
        Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540 – 28 January 1596[3]) was an English sea captain, slave trader, and privateer of the Elizabethan era. Drake carried out the second circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580, and was the first to complete the voyage as captain while leading the expedition throughout the entire circumnavigation. With his incursion into the Pacific Ocean, he claimed what is now California for the English and inaugurated an era of conflict with the Spanish on the western coast of the Americas,[4] an area that had previously been largely unexplored by western shipping
        
        the english pirate found willing allies among them the negros cimarrones who were escaped slaves and had established free and independent communities
        
        together with the cimarrones and the French huguenots the went into Panama and then captured a lot of gold
        
        John Oxenham
        
        tried to surpass Drake by building a ship on the other side and capture the ships before they reached the mainland.
        
        he was captured and hanged in Lima
    - - to rid himself of the english pest he sent the Spanish Armada to invade England in 1588 a force of 130 ships carrying 18000 soldiers
      - 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch, the United Provinces became a protectorate of England
      - the war continued and was often quite profitable for the English
      - Sir Walter raleigh argued in 1596 that the Spanish need to expand out of self-defence
  - - - in the 16th century they replaced hanse dominance in the baltic
      - was a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and their market towns. Growing from a few North German towns in the late 1100s, the league came to dominate Baltic maritime trade for three centuries along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and declined slowly after 1450.
    - - 1598 peace was made with France
      - 1604 peace with England
      - cease fire with the United provinces in 16404
      - the Dutch essentially stole the Portuguese trade empire
- - - - English colonisation i n the New World was preceded by Elizabethan assault on Ireland and the Gaelic Irish beginning of the 1560s
      - the men resumed an earlier english effort the West country men at conquest and colonisation such as Humphrey Gilbert, Sir Richard Grenville, Sir Walter Ralegh continued the effort that had begun in the 12th century with the Normans
      - The Irish were like savages to the English
    - - The Virginia Company refers collectively to two joint stock companies chartered under James I on 10 April 1606[1][2][3] with the goal of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.[4] The companies were called the "Virginia Company of London" (or the London Company) and the "Virginia Company of Plymouth" (or the Plymouth Company); they operated with identical charters but with differing territories. An area of overlapping territory was created within which the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other. The Plymouth Company never fulfilled its charter, but its territory was claimed by England and became New England.
      - Jamestown
        
        he Londoners founded a settlement at Jamestown
        
        The Jamestown[1] settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. William Kelso writes that Jamestown "is where the British Empire began".[2] It was established by the Virginia Company of London as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607 (O.S.; May 14, 1607 N.S.),[3] and was considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610.
        
        The settlement was located within the country of Tsenacommacah, which was ruled by the Powhatan Confederacy, and specifically in that of the Paspahegh tribe. The natives initially welcomed and provided crucial provisions and support for the colonists, who were not agriculturally inclined. Relations soured fairly early on, however, leading to the total annihilation of the Paspahegh in warfare within three years. Mortality was very high at Jamestown itself due to disease and starvation, with over 80-percent of the colonists perishing in 1609–10 in what became known as the "Starving Time".
        
        The Virginia Company brought eight Polish[5] [6] and German colonists in 1608 in the Second Supply, some of whom built a small glass factory—although the Germans and a few others soon defected to the Powhatans with weapons and supplies from the settlement.[7][8][9][10] The Second Supply also brought the first two European women to the settlement.[7][8] In 1619, the first documented Africans came to Jamestown—about 50 men, women, and children aboard a Portuguese slave ship that had been captured in the West Indies and brought to the Jamestown region.
        
        The competing cultures of the Powhatan and English settlers were united through unions and marriages of members, of which the most well known was that of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. Their son Thomas Rolfe was the ancestor of many Virginians; many of the First Families of Virginia have both English and Virginia Indian ancestry
        
        the colony in the early year exported a lot of Tobacco
        
        the Virginai assembly modelled itself after the House of Commons
  - - - Louis XIV (5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (le Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. Starting at the age of 5, his reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history.[1][2] In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIV's France was a leader in the growing centralization of power.
    - - minister colbert introduces and subsequently rises import tariffs
  - - - Henry Hudson (c. 1565–1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator during the early 17th century, best known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the northeastern United States.
      - Henry Hudson did expeditions for the East India company
      - In 1607 and 1608, Hudson made two attempts on behalf of English merchants to find a rumored Northeast Passage to Cathay (present-day China) via a route above the Arctic Circle. In 1609 he landed in North America and explored the region around the modern New York metropolitan area, looking for a Northwest Passage to Asia on behalf of the Dutch East India Company.[5] He sailed up the Hudson River, which was later named for him, and thereby laid the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region.
    - - there was a truce between the Dutch and the Spanish from 1609 onwards but that did not last longer than until 1921
      - New Amsterdam (New york) was originally intended as a base against the Spanish
      - WIC
        
        On June 3, 1621, it was granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the Dutch West Indies by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over Dutch participation in the Atlantic slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America. The area where the company could operate consisted of West Africa (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Cape of Good Hope) and the Americas, which included the Pacific Ocean and the eastern part of New Guinea. The intended purpose of the charter was to eliminate competition, particularly Spanish or Portuguese, between the various trading posts established by the merchants. The company became instrumental in the largely ephemeral Dutch colonization of the Americas (including New Netherland) in the seventeenth century. From 1624-1654, the WIC held Portuguese territory in northeast Brazil, but they were ousted from Dutch Brazil following fierce resistance
        
        all gets heavily involved in the slave trade
        
        VOC
        
        eferred to by the British as the Dutch East India Company,[2] or sometimes known as the Dutch East Indies Company,[3] was originally established as a chartered company in 1602, when the Dutch government granted it a 21-year monopoly on the Dutch spice trade. A pioneering early model of the multinational corporation in its modern sense, the company is also often considered to be the world's first true transnational corporation.[note 5][4] In the early 1600s, the VOC became the first company in history to issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public.[note 6] In other words, the VOC was the world's first formally listed public company,[note 7] because it was the first corporation to be ever actually listed on an official (formal) stock exchange.[note 8][7] As the first historical model of the quasi-fictional concept of the megacorporation, the VOC possessed quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts,[8] negotiate treaties, strike its own coins, and establish colonies.
        
        Peace with Spain in 1648 did not benefit the company as the company had massively profited from pirating
        
        bankruptcy in 1674
      - recognised the Dutch independence in 1648 with het Reaty of Münster
    - - in the Delaware valley because of envy against the WIC
      - the new sweden company was essentially dutch
      - the Swedes also followed the Dutch and English to the gold coast in 1650
    - - golden Age of the Dutch
      - the portuguese
        
        by the late 1640s the Portuguese were prepared to give up India and concentrated on Brazil
        
        1648 the portuguese dispatch a fleet but the Dutch had already pulled out more or less
- - - - through Mexico (such as the Philippines)
      - From Manila to Acapulco and returned with Silk etc.
- - - - defended the faith Germany
      - against the Turks on land and sea
      - against France and Italy
      - provoked the dutch revolt and then fought the eighty years war
      - conquered the kingdom of Portugal
      - dispatched a vast armada to conquer England in 1588
      - Earl J Hamilton: American treasure and habsburg power had created a facade of rich and prosperous Spain in the sixteenth century.
    - - when Carlos V abdicated i 1555, he left a debt amount that amounted to a hundred times the annual silver revenues
      - The royal government defaulted on its debts in 1557, 1575, 1576, 1607, 1627, 1647
      - increasingly foreign financiers controlled Spains debt
    - - Spain had extremely weak population growth from 1500 to 1700
      - The population of the Netherlands and the British Islands each doubled
    - - open up intercolonial
    - - orange baton -> sea gypsies