Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Perception (4 prominent approaches to perceiving objects (Comparing the 4…

- - - - resembles process involved in problem solving.
        
        happens rapidly and unconsciously.
  - - - Illusion of movement- *apparent movement*- because movement is perceived although nothing is moving eg flicking pictures. 3 components to stimuli that create apparent movement (1) light flashes on and off (2) there is a period of darkness, lasting a fraction of a second (3) the 2nd light flashes on and off
        
        Principle for Gestalt- The whole is different than the sum of its part
        
        perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images - the produced a number of principles of perceptual organisation - to explain the way elements grouped together to create larger objects eg the dalmation
        
        1) Principle of Good Continuation - Points that, when connected, result in a straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Also, objects that are overlapped by other objects are perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object - eg the rope coil
        
        2) Pragnanz - means good figure- the law of pragnanz also called the law of good figure or principle of simplicity, Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is simple as possible. eg olympic rings.
        
        3) Similarity - rows of dots, when same colour most people see either rows or columns but change the colour and create rows. Principles of Similarity - similar things appear to be grouped together. can also be size or shape or orientation.
        
        Many other principles of organisation
        
        "intrinsic laws" -built in , experience can influence perception but the role is minor
  - - - 1) Physical regularities - regularly occurring physical properties of the environment eg more horizontal and vertical lines than angled orientations - man made and natural. People can perceive them more easily than others known as oblique effect - . Another example is when one object partially covers another one. light-from-above assumption-we usually assume light is coming from above.
      - 2) Semantic Regularities - in language semantics is meaning of word or sentences, often what is happening in scene eg a kitchen. Semantic Regularities are the characteristics associated with the functions carried out in diff types of scenes - when picture a scene with the item eg. a microscope - scene schema
  - - - eg. cold/coughing - Mary guesses based on prior experience but then researches and finds the likelihood
        
        in practise requires a mathematical procedure in which prior is multiplied by likelihood to determine probability of an outcome to reach a conclusion.
        
        inverse projection problem - occurs because a huge number of possible objects could be associated with a particular image on the retina. We don't have to rely on only the retina image as we come to most perceptual situations with prior probabilities based on past experiences.
- - - - perception is the gateway to all the other cognitions
- - - - Viewpoint invariance - being able to recognise that an object is the same when seen from different viewpts - computers can not.
- - - - Perception involves additional information as well as activation of the receptors and bottom up processing - such as a knowledge of the environment, expectations, attention to specific details. - called top-down processing , which originates in the brain , at the top of the perceptual system.
        
        3 Examples
        
        Perceiving Objects p 59
        
        top-down - called "the multiple personalities of a blob" - even though blobs are identical in all pictures they are perceived as different object depending on their orientation and context within which they are seen. We perceive it differently because of our knowledge of the kinds of objects that are likely to be found in different types of scenes. Advantage over computers due to additional top-down knowledge
        
        Hearing Words in a Sentence -
        
        top-down process which influences speech perception. If we recognise the words we do not need breaks between words called speech segmentation. Knowledge of a language or lack of gives different perceptions. Understanding the language is a top-down process perception of the words.
        
        Experiencing Pain p 61
        
        best example of top-down process influencing perception. In 50's and 60's pain was considered direct pathway model. eg. pain occurs when receptors in the skin called nociceptors are stimulated and send signal in a direc pathway from skin to brain - bottom-up
        
        But then began to notice situation where pain was influenced by situations in addition to skin stimulation eg Beecher working with soldiers where pain kept them away from the frontline so was a positive aspect and denied meds. Also modern eg is distraction from pain and placebo effect.
        
        Perception depends on multiple sources of information supports the idea that perception is a complex process
- - - - People are more sensitive to these than other less common effects (Oblique/angles). Not a coincidence that more neuron activity to these lines in the visual cortex
        
        Theory of natural selection, which states that characteristics that enhance an animals ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations. eg. Animals with more vertical neurons will pass on as survive better in forest. Through this the visual system, may have been shaped to contain neurons that respond to things that are found frequently in the environment.
    - - the brain is shaped by its exposure to the environment, so it can perceive the environment for efficiently. Has been demonstrated by many experiments on animals. Neurons change so they become more tuned to respond more strongly to specific aspects. eg. kitten raised with only vertical stripes.
        
        Also found in humans using fMRI. eg FFA - fusiform face area temporal lobe - greebles - greeble experts or car and bird experts. FFA responds to experience. - neurons can reflect knowledge of the environment.
        
        Long way from thinking receptors automatically respnd to activation of sensory receptors - perception is the outcome of interaction between bottom-up information, which flows from receptors to brain, and top-down information, which usually involves knowledge about the environment or expectations related to the situation
- - - - Moving reveals aspects of objects that are not apparent from a single viewpt. eg. the horse pictures.Walking around the sculpture reveals more information, it isn't as normal as it first appears. Added information gives a more accurate percption especially for objects that are out of the ordinary.
        
        The interaction of perception and action p. 75
        
        Movement is also important because of the coordination that is continually occurring between perceiving stimuli and taking action toward these stimuli . eg. reaching for a coffee cup. Perceiving the item, the handle, picking up with right amnt of force, happens almost automatically -with complex underlying mechanisms.
        
        The Physiology of Perception and Action p.76
        
        2 Processes - 1) percieving objects and 2) locating and taking action
        1) Brain Ablation - the study of the effect of removing parts of an animals brain and 2) Neuropsychology - the study of people with brain damage. - both demonstrate how brain damage can reveal important principles about the functioning of the intact brain.
        
        1 more item...