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Cognitive Neuroscience Chpt 2 (Organisation: Neuropsychology and Recording…

- - - - these signals are then processed by other areas which are more complex. Charles Gross 1969 and 1972, monkey's temporal lobe. using different stimuli shape sizes and shades. Shade made a complex neuron fire because it was shape of hand with finger pointing up. Some neurons responded better to faces. This progression from lower to higher areas of the brain is called hierarchical processing
        
        Sensory coding how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment p35. - specificity coding how a number of neurons respond differently to diff faces but would require one neuron for each face, alternatively Population coding is the representation of a particular object by a pattern of firing of a large number of neurons. - sparse coding occurs when a small gp of neurons are involved.
- - - - blood flow increase in the areas of the brain activated by a cognitive task. The measurement of blood flow is based on the fact that hemoglobin , which carries oxygen, contains ferrous (iron) molecule and therefore has magnetic qualities.
        
        activity is recorded in voxels which are small cube-shaped areas of the brain 2-3mm - are small units of analysis created by fMRI scanner.
      - Looking at Pictures - faces activate a specific area of the brain called fusiform face area FFA on side of temporal lobe - same part damaged in prosopagnosia
        
        p. 42 further fMRI studies showed representing indoor outdoor scenes activate parahippocampal place area (PPA) spatial layout, increased activity when viewing empty rooms
        
        Another specific area extrastraite body area (EBA) activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies
      - Distributed Representation across the brain. Specific cognitions may many structures of the brain. Eg going beyond recognising a face to whether the person is looking at you, may activate FFA and other areas. Other areas respond to reactions on the face. Eg the rolling red ball - movement, colour, problem solving, language, decision making, evenly distributed across the brain. memory and facts.
        
        neural networks gps of neurons or structures that are connected together.- eg. pain matrix - location of pain and its sensory aspects - throbbing, some areas are emotional aspects eg torture, significance for ongoing behaviour - all working together