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Multi-Level Governance (Provincial/Territorial Governance (Structure (NWT…

- - - - Legislative Assembly
        
        Smaller provinces largely based on collective decision-making
        
        Larger provinces have Premier-centred cabinets
        
        Central structures a blend of ministries (departments) and agencies
        
        Departmental structure dominates in central gov’t
        
        Policy-oriented ministries set policy and regulatory framework and provide funding for service delivery through local administration (municipal affairs, education, health)
        
        Operational ministries provide services directly to the public (e.g., highways, natural resources)
      - Unicameral Model
    - - No political parties
      - After an election, the assembly selects the Premier and Cabinet
      - All other members sit as the opposition
      - Integration of Traditional decision-making from indigenous communities (i.e consensus) and integrate them in more formal North-American systems
    - - Each territory has its own federal statute and a significant degree of autonomy
        Federally-appointed Commissioner = Lieut.-Governor
        Until 1980s more hands-on, agent of the federal government
      - Major federal funding and influence, some federal services
        
        Growing participation in federal-provincial relations
        
        Provincial status an aspiration, likelihood reduced by small population, large size, federal funding
  - - - All have fewer ministries, smaller Cabinets than federal
      - Non-core public sector activities are proportionately more important than at the federal level
      - Operations are conducted in a more concentrated geographic area although several have internal regions
      - Many provinces have one or two dominant cities, most have strong rural voices
      - All but NB work in only one language, additional languages of service
- - - - Broad focus: property and civil rights, local and community matters
      - Also defined by gloablisation, changing technology, and accumulated court deals
      - Taxation authorities – in practice all but customs and excise
      - Sectoral authorities – ss. 92, 92A, 93, 95
    - - Others with complementary jurisdiction
        Health, marriage and divorce, regulation of the economy
    - - Peace, Order and good Government – original “residual” clause (emergency powers)
      - Money, debt, banking, bankruptcy, trade and commerce, patents, cross-boundary railways and telegraphs, nuclear energy, unemployment insurance, census, post office
        Military, navigation, quarantine, Indians, naturalization
        Criminal law and procedure, marriage and divorce, penitentiaries
    - - Matters of merely local or private nature in the province
        Public lands, forestry and non-renewable natural resources, electrical energy, property and civil rights,
        Hospitals and charitable institutions, municipal government, property and civil rights, licences, local works, incorporation of local companies, education
        Solemnization of marriage, administration of justice, reformatory prisons, imposition of punishments for provincial laws
    - - “The power of Parliament to make payments to people or institutions or governments for purposes on which it does not necessarily have the power to legislate” – PE Trudeau
        
        To support National Standards and Mobility
    - - Need to administer federal funding, program conditions
      - Reasonably similar models among provinces, some variation
        
        Limited capacity to innovate
        
        Differences due at least in part to differences in scale
        
        QC parallels the federal model most closely
  - - - Ministers of Finance are the other key “corporate” minister involved
    - - Bargaining between levels of government
    - - Based on elected or provincially representative Senate
      - Many issues c/would be dealt with by Parliament instead
    - - information-sharing and collaboration
- - - - Can review and overturn local decisions (Municipal Board)
    - - Legislative – passage of by-laws
      - Executive – oversight of day-to-day operations
    - - Elected councillors – wards or at large
      - Non-partisan
        
        Major exceptions – city councils with parties: Montreal & Vancouver
    - - School and library boards
      - Hospital boards, local health networks, public health officer
      - Police commissions
      - Utility commissions (hydro, water, transport)
      - All provincially regulated, city council may have a role
    - - Council committees overseeing individual departments, coordination by Clerk-Treasurer
      - Board of Commissioners (departmental heads) reporting to council provides collective management
      - Chief administrative officer/city manager provides coordination/direction of integrated administration, reports to council and committees – prevailing model in larger centres
  - - - Police, fire and emergency services
    - - Local roads and transport
    - - Public health and hospitals
      - Libraries
      - Primary and secondary education
      - Social assistance – welfare, public housing
  - - - Heavy reliance on provincial grants and transfers
      - Primary own-source revenue is property taxes
      - Controversy about assessment and tax system
      - Wide range of other revenue sources
        
        Permits and licences
        
        User fees, development charges and fines
        
        Sale of land and assets
        
        Federal grants in lieu of taxes, GST transfers
        
        Experimentation with consumption and income taxes
      - Often separate property-based taxation for schools
      - Can borrow for capital purposes, no operating deficits
  - - - Changed relationships to other levels of government
      - Cumulative effects of urban sprawl
      - Social, economic & environmental impacts of globalization