Established a series of small city-states that ruled the native people.

Not a democracy, Rome is a republic nin 509 B.C.E. without a Monarch.

The officials of Agustus' large Empire were equites, a class of italiqan merchants and landowners who helped run the roman empire.

The roman republic expanded on the Italian peninsula, Romans began to play a large role in the Mediterranean Sea Trade

Romans burned the city of Carthage to the ground, salted the earth to keep anything from growing and took control of the lands, rich in grain, oil, wine, and precious metals.

Aristocrats controlled large plots of land that were worked by tenant farmers.

Women in the upper classes were generally treated like children under the strict scrutiny of the men of their family. First father, then husband, then son.

Patrons were men of wealth who clients turned to for help and protection.

Elites were called Patricians and the commoners were known as Plebians.

Slave labor in Rome was indispensable gangs of slaves were used in households or craft production, mining, and on the great agricultural estates.

Invented the belief that equity among all citizens should be the goal of the legal system.

Rome's literacy contributions are those of Greece because they are normally better read.

Most of their contributions were in law, Bureaucratic administration, Finance, and Engineering.

Roman roads were built for marching armies and trading routes, and great aqueducts were built to carry water to urban areas.

Used the mountains as a smart barrier between them and their opponent surrounding them when they don't even know it.

On a high, dry plateau. Surrounded by mountains to the North, East, and West with the Indian ocean to the south.

Had military leader like Cyrus the Great, and Alexander the Great to lead wars and conquer across the world.

Satraps- Governors who were responsible for collecting tribute, provide soldiers, and keep order.

Had a Tribal Confederacy, each tribe lived in a different part of Persia.

Their social structure was a basic patriarchal system based on families forming tribes and the tribes formed the confederacy

The "ruling class” holds the chief positions by the right of birth.

Lots of herding of livestock, the soil and land was very poor for agriculture.

After taking over parts of India they became an economic power house. Controlled rich land around Mesopotamia.

Great king Darius instituted many economic innovations and reforms like Systematized Taxation, Standardized Weights, Measurements. and Monetary units.

The economy of the Phoenicians was based mainly on trade. They traded in glass, precious metals and ceramics. They also were involved in agriculture, mining, manufacturing.

Stretched across the Mediterranean sea. So they had plenty if rich soil, and water.

Known for their mighty ships adorned with horses’ heads in honor of their god of the sea, Yamm, the brother of Mot, the god of death.

Northern Phoenicia's temp is a few degrees warmer than that of the south. people wanted different things that people wanted from the north in the south.

Collection of city-states, Rarely formed alliances between each other.

Kingship, The kings power, however, was limited by the powerful merchant families, who wielded great influence in public affairs.

The Phoenicians where divided into three classes that citizens of phoenicia were divided into. social class was the top class which included priests, government officials, and land owners. the middle class included merchants, craftspeople, farmers, and fishermen. The working class included slaves and servants.

Agriculture and trade dominated Roman economic fortunes, only supplemented by small scale industrial production.