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Mediterranean Civilizations (Persia (Subjects were allowed to own customs…
Mediterranean Civilizations
Rome
Interaction People & Environment
Used the sea for trade and for attacks
Salted the land of Carthage after they conquered the city
Used aqueducts to carry water large distances for cities
Culture
Heavily influenced by Greeks, but developed its own unique ways, and the Latin language
Pax Ramona, time of peace when Rome was at its peak
Court systems were made where equity of citizens was the goal, and there were judges to interpret the law
Believed people were born with basic and natural rights
Very diverse due to the number of conquered people
Art and literature were very important, and were diffused from Greece
Spread Latin throughout a large area
Political
Small city-states that ruled native people
Federation under Etruscan rule
Gained independence and established a republic
Eventually Augustus became the first emperor
Not a democracy, had a senate composed of patricians, and a general assembly of official elected by the people
Executive was headed by two consuls
Julius Caesar declared himself as a dictator, then his nephew became Augustus who still said he was a consul, but he was consul for life
Provinces were ruled by governors
Peoples uncertainty of the next ruler was part of the downfall
Large border was hard to defend and contributed tot he downfall
Economy
Farming
Trading
Use of slave
Social
Paterfamilias had complete authority over the family
Slaves were needed for mining and on large farms
Women were treated like children even in the upper classes, some eventually were educated, and supervised business and financial affairs
Aristocrats controlled large areas of land, but there were also independent farmers
Phoenicians
Traders and seafarers
Made and alphabet with 22 letter, phonetic alphabet, easy to use and learn
Absorbed by Assyria
Used the sea to expand because they were surrounded by deserts and mountains
Persia
Subjects were allowed to own customs and laws
Most Powerful under the rule of Darius I
Satraps governed different regions as representatives of the king
Darius I established a law code based on earlier Mesopotamian codes
Defeated by Greece at the battle of Marathon
Darius I successor Xerxes was defeated again and even more decisively
Superior Military leadership and organization
Originally on a high, dry plateau, that was a population center that traders went through a lot
Persian wars led to its decline
Greece
Interaction People & Environment
Mountains and other land features made it challenging to farm
Used the sea, and became very good sailors
Used the sea to expand
Limited number of crops
Culture
Athen's belief of the importance of democracy
Sparta's belief in war
Use of coins
Spartans were all equal, didn't wear fancy clothing, and didn't accumulate possessions
Boys started training for war at age 7
Athenian women stayed home and had no political power
Polytheistic
Secularism was used for making decision, not asking the gods
Philosophy was very big and influencial
Drama, lyric poetry, and "classical" architecture
Sculptures were depicted of bodies
Political
City-States that controlled themselves
200 City-States at its peak
Different City-States governed themselves differently, monarchies, oligarchies, aristocracies, and democracies
Tyrannies emerged as an outcome of the different types of government
Free men met at town meeting in a democracy, had a council of 500 citizens chosen by the people for one year terms
Militaristic society developed in Sparta
Economy
Using the sea to trade
Some farming
Craftsmen
Soldiers who were also farmers
Social
Different City-States
Women and slaves had no power
In Sparta men were warriors and women were equal with men, and stayed home from war to run the house
In Sparta there were servants called helots, were prisoners of war, eventually there were slaves who had no political power
All people in Sparta except for helots