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Demography (Death rate (Reasons (E:Mobility (Walker (Those living in the…

- - - - Walker
        
        Those living in the poorest areas of the England will die on average 7 years earlier than the richest areas
      - Wealth
        
        Money increases access to good health care
        
        Improves health and longevity
      - Job satisfaction
        
        People in more powerful and satisfying jobs
        
        Tend to be healthier than people in less satisfying jobs
      - Larger social networks
        
        Having a large group of friends and close relationships with relatives
        
        Increases social support
        
        Positively influences health
    - - Infectious disease
        
        The population may have developed a natural resistance
        
        Some diseases become less powerful
        
        Degenerative diseases
        
        Such as heart disease and cancer
        
        Have replaced infectious diseases as the main cause of death
        
        These don't spread as rapidly
        
        Thus affect less people
      - Medical improvements
        
        Antibiotics
        
        Immunisation
        
        Blood transfusion
        
        Improved maternity services
        
        By-pass surgery
      - Public health
        
        Pass on and enforce laws on public health
        
        Improvement in housing
        
        Purer drinking water
        
        Laws to combat adulteration of food and drink
        
        Sewage disposal
        
        Clean air act 1956
        
        Reduced pollution
        
        Winter fuel 1997
      - Women more likely to go to the doctors (sooner)
        
        Women = 81
        Men = 76
    - - Improved nutrition
        
        McKeown
        
        Improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates
        
        Particularly important in TB
        
        Increased resistance to infection
        
        Better nutrition increased resistance to infection
        
        Increased survival chances of those who did become infected
        
        However, this does not explain why women live longer than men (5 years on average)
        
        As they received smaller share of family food supply
      - Smoking and diet
        
        Harper
        
        Greatest reason for fall in death rate is due to the reduction of ppl who smoke
        
        However, obesity has become the new lifestyle epidemic
      - Other changes
        
        Decline in dangerous manual work
        
        Smaller familes
        
        Reduced rate of transmission
        
        Greater public knowledge
        
        Lifestyle changes
        
        Higher incomes
  - - - Living longer
        
        Women = 81
        Men = 76
      - Grundy and Henretta
        
        Sandwich generation
        
        Feminists argue burden of care goes to women aged 55-69
        
        Give up work or go part time
      - Pilcher
        
        Women earn less
        
        Have less savings
        
        Also receive sexists and ageist stereotypes
        
        e.g. Old hag
        
        Allan and Crow
        
        Challenge the negative and dependent stereotypes of the elderly
        
        1 more item...
    - - Ageing population
        
        Griffiths Report 1983
        
        Society is facing ever escalating health and social care costs
        
        This is only made worse by an ageing population
    - - Extended fam
        
        Brennen
        
        Relationship is especially strong after divorce
        
        Functionalism:Grandparents can help to socialise children as they give childcare
        
        Provide financial help
      - Effects on relationships due to presence of elderly parent
        
        Leisure time reduced as time spent on ageing relative increases
- - - - Changes for women in 20th century
        
        Voting rights
        
        Payed employment
        
        Equal educational experience
        
        Some sociologists believe educational changes may have the largest impact
        
        Changed girls' mindsets
        
        See other possibilities rather than just as a wife and a mother
        
        In 2012 1:5 women aged 45 were childless
        
        2 more items...
        
        School leaving age 16 1972
        
        Laws making discrimination illegal
        
        Easier divorce
        
        Access to contraception
    - - In 1900 the IMR was 154:1000 (15%)
        
        During the 20th century they began to fall
        
        Improved housing
        
        Sanitation
        
        Less infectious diseases
        
        Better knowledge
        
        Improved services
        
        Improved medical care
        
        Mass immunisation
        
        Against diseases such as whooping cough and measles
    - - Until the late 19th century children were an economic asset to parents
        
        As they sent them out to work
        
        Laws have banned children from working and raised the school leaving age
        
        School leaving age 16 1972
    - - According to latest figures it costs around £218,000 to raise a child in the UK
        
        Equates to around £10,400 a year
        
        £865 a month
        
        28.44 a day
      - As a society we are more focused on our children
        
        There has been a general shift to see childhood as a unique and special time
        
        Quality over quantity
  - - - Reduction in public services
        
        Such as schools and nurseries
        
        Less jobs in pediatric nursing and teaching
    - - Reduces burden of dependency currently
        
        But in the future, when those only children grow up they will be under strain to care for their /older/ parents and grandparents
    - - Are smaller
        
        Little Emperor Syndrome
        
        Women are able to go back to work
        
        Dual earner symmetrical families
- - - - E:Employment opportunities
      - M:Health tourists
        
        NHS
      - E:Benefits
      - E:Education
        
        Secondary/Uni
    - - P:War
      - P:Racial/religious persecution
      - E:Recession
      - E:Unemployment
      - E:Retirement
  - - - Immigrant women usually have higher fertility rate
        
        Increases the birth rate
        
        More children reduces the average age of the population
        
        Which in the future will decrease the dependency ratio, as there are more working people to support the elderly and children
        
        Reducing the sandwich generation
    - - Diversity of family structures
        
        Influence in Afro-Caribbean families has lead to more lone parent families which are matrifocal
        
        Goes against the expectation that all families need a father
        
        Asian families tend to be more traditional and have the cultural expectation to care for their elders
        
        More likely to live in extended families
        
        They are traditional collectivists in nature so are close as families
      - Dual heritage and hybrid identities
        
        Children from immigrant parents have a 'unique identity
        
        In that they often have a hybrid culture which mixes that of their parents and their place of birth
    - - Migrants are usually of working age
        
        Therefore there is an increase in taxes paid
        
        Helping economy