Corrections

Colonial Period

1600s-1700s

based on Anglican Code

incorporated:

fines

corporal punishment

capital punsihment

rooted in religious philosophy

Penitentary

1770s-1860s

isolation and labor

reformation via suffering

separate vs congregate

Pennsylvania System

separate system

Quaker ideas of reformation through isolation repentance

New York System

congregate system

Convict Leasing

"Slavery By Another Name"

set in post civil war south

Rehabilitation

1930s- 1960s

Progressive/Medical Model

focus on environment and offender rehab

rehab via

medical/ psychological treatment

vocational training

eduaction

Reformatory Movement

1870s-1960s

separation of the sexes

inmate change rewarded by release

marks system

indeterminate sentencing

plantation model of corrections

incorporated African Americans into correction system for use of slave labor

work together during the day

isolated at night

began labor system involving inmates

Community Model

1960s-1970s

root in civil urest, distrust of the government through:

focus on reinfergation and community programming

civil rights movement

vietnam war

Crime Control

1970s-2000s

Martinsen- Nothing Works

get tough on crime mentality

longer sentences

mandatory sentences

3 strikes legislation

greater use if incarceration

8th Amendment

punishment shocks conscience civilized society

unnecessarily cruel

is beyond legitmate penal aims

totality of conditions

deliberate indifference

14th Amendment

Due Process- basic procedural right in disciplinary hearings/sanctions

Equal Protection- discrimination can't be policy

Community Corrections

conditions of supervision may supersede rights

Law and Correctional Personel

Civil service Laws

set personal procedure

civil rights act of 1964

age discrimination in employment

Americans with disabilities act

Legal Liability

may sue due to violation by agency's customs and usage

policy, poor supervision, inadequate training

rarely payouts are large

employees pay personally

Goals of Incarceration

custodial model

rehabilitation model

reintegration model

Use of Force

self defense

defense of another

upholding prison rules

prevention of crime

prevention of escape

special Populations

With HIV/AIDS

Mentally Ill

Elderly

approx. 152,00 inmates over 55

programming and environmental needs

increased costs due to medical needs

average cost of $69,000 a year

1.6% of state inmates

decline in AIDS related death due to treatment improvements

increased medical costs

programming and education

deinstitutionalization of mental health care

issues of:

cost

security

psychiatric units

Long-Term

20+ years

transition into elderly inmates

issues of:

mental health

programming

connection to the community

History of Probabtions

1st statewide system in 1880

21 states by 1920

44 states by beginning of WWII

Institutional Reentry

reduce the cost by moving offenders to the community

implementation of prep programs in the facility

half way houses, work release programs in the community

Parole

`conditional release of the offender from incarceration but not legal custody of state

3 basic concepts

grace

custody

contract