Corrections
Colonial Period
1600s-1700s
based on Anglican Code
incorporated:
fines
corporal punishment
capital punsihment
rooted in religious philosophy
Penitentary
1770s-1860s
isolation and labor
reformation via suffering
separate vs congregate
Pennsylvania System
separate system
Quaker ideas of reformation through isolation repentance
New York System
congregate system
Convict Leasing
"Slavery By Another Name"
set in post civil war south
Rehabilitation
1930s- 1960s
Progressive/Medical Model
focus on environment and offender rehab
rehab via
medical/ psychological treatment
vocational training
eduaction
Reformatory Movement
1870s-1960s
separation of the sexes
inmate change rewarded by release
marks system
indeterminate sentencing
plantation model of corrections
incorporated African Americans into correction system for use of slave labor
work together during the day
isolated at night
began labor system involving inmates
Community Model
1960s-1970s
root in civil urest, distrust of the government through:
focus on reinfergation and community programming
civil rights movement
vietnam war
Crime Control
1970s-2000s
Martinsen- Nothing Works
get tough on crime mentality
longer sentences
mandatory sentences
3 strikes legislation
greater use if incarceration
8th Amendment
punishment shocks conscience civilized society
unnecessarily cruel
is beyond legitmate penal aims
totality of conditions
deliberate indifference
14th Amendment
Due Process- basic procedural right in disciplinary hearings/sanctions
Equal Protection- discrimination can't be policy
Community Corrections
conditions of supervision may supersede rights
Law and Correctional Personel
Civil service Laws
set personal procedure
civil rights act of 1964
age discrimination in employment
Americans with disabilities act
Legal Liability
may sue due to violation by agency's customs and usage
policy, poor supervision, inadequate training
rarely payouts are large
employees pay personally
Goals of Incarceration
custodial model
rehabilitation model
reintegration model
Use of Force
self defense
defense of another
upholding prison rules
prevention of crime
prevention of escape
special Populations
With HIV/AIDS
Mentally Ill
Elderly
approx. 152,00 inmates over 55
programming and environmental needs
increased costs due to medical needs
average cost of $69,000 a year
1.6% of state inmates
decline in AIDS related death due to treatment improvements
increased medical costs
programming and education
deinstitutionalization of mental health care
issues of:
cost
security
psychiatric units
Long-Term
20+ years
transition into elderly inmates
issues of:
mental health
programming
connection to the community
History of Probabtions
1st statewide system in 1880
21 states by 1920
44 states by beginning of WWII
Institutional Reentry
reduce the cost by moving offenders to the community
implementation of prep programs in the facility
half way houses, work release programs in the community
Parole
`conditional release of the offender from incarceration but not legal custody of state
3 basic concepts
grace
custody
contract