Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
LINA01 EXAM (Word Formation Processes (Reduplication
saying the word…
LINA01 EXAM
Word Formation Processes
Reduplication
- saying the word twice = plural
- full reduplication (saying whole word twice)
- partial reduplication (saying part of the word & whole word]
Suppletion
- go vs went
- be vs was
- bring vs brought
- ox vs oxen
*entirely different morpheme to give a different meaning
Conversion
- Run (v) Run (n)
- total (v) total (n)
- stress changes
- pronounced the same
-
Blending
- breakfast + lunch = brunch
Backformation
- removing an affix
- donation vs donate
- editor vs edit
- beggar vs beg
-
Initialism
- read each letter (not as a word)
Coinage
- invents a new word
- accidental gaps used
- brand names
- Bic - Kleenex
Eponyms
- new word from people's names
Derivation
- adds an affix
- write --> writer
- read --> reader
- act --> actor
Compounds
- stress on the first element
- [lighthouse keeper vs *light housekeeper]
- black board (green)
1. Endocentric
black board (type of board)
green house (type of house)
keeps irregular plural verbs [i.e. tooth, teeth; man , men]
2. Exocentric
turncoat (not a type of coat)
big foot (not a type of foot)
egg head (not a type of head)
follows regular plurals [i.e. tooth, tooths; foot, foots]
-
Inflectional Affixes
- produces a different form of the same word
- -s (third person sing.)
- -ed (past tense)
- -ing (progressive)
- -en (past participle)
- -s (plural)
6.'s (possessive)
- -er (comparative)
- -est (superlative)
Derivation
- creates a new word
- changes the meaning
- contain-able
- transform-ation
Differences between Inflectional & Derivational
- Change in meaning (derivational)
- Change in lexical category (derivational)
- Productivity (inflectional)
- Order of attachment (derivation affixes are closer to the root, inflection affixes occur after)
Syntax - study of structure of phrases and sentences
- the systematic ways words combine to form phrases
- the systematic way phrases combine to form sentences
Hierarchically Structured
- Sentence - phrases - words - morphemes - phonemes - features
Content Words - nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs Function Words prepositions, determiners, auxiliary verbs
Frames
- Identifying Nouns
- Can it follow a determiner?
- Identifying verbs
- Can it follow an aux. verb?
- Identifying Adjectives
- The ___ noun
- Identifying adverbs
- She smiled __.
Principle of Compositionality
meaning of whole sentence is determined by meaning of each word and how they’re combined.)
-
-
Constituent (syntactic unit in a PS tree-- group of words) {each node represents a constituent} {individual words are the smallest constituent} {the whole sentence is the largest constituent}
PS Trees Represent
- Linear order of words
- Groupings of words into syntactic categories
- hierarchical structure of syntactic categories
Types of Rules
- Phrase Structure Rules (rules that build structure)
- Transformations (rules that change structure)
-
Process for determining phrase structure rules
- use constituency tests
- draw trees
- formulate rules based on trees
rules are generalizations across trees
Lexical Ambiguity (single word with 2 meanings i.e. bank and bank, pair & pear)
Structural Ambiguity (different meanings due to different structures) [desk with thick legs]
Head central word of a phrase
Complement other constituents in a phrase that complete the meaning and are essential to its interpretation.
Basics
Goals of a Linguist Noam Chomsky
- What constitutes knowledge of language
- How is knowledge acquired
- How is knowledge put to use
Properties of Language we want to explain
- Basic word order
- Productivity
- Structural ambiguity
- Unboundedly long sentences