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Deviance (Stigma
Broader phenomenon than labeling
Lasts a lifetime,…
Deviance
Stigma
- Broader phenomenon than labeling
- Lasts a lifetime, hard to get rid of
Rules broken even if there is no crime (e.g. Goffman's letter - the girl with facial defects)
- Anything out of the norm - does not have to be negative
Stigmatised identity
- Deviant identity become hypervalent and it can become a stigma
Types of stigma
Goffman
- Abominations of the body
- Blemishes of individual characters
- Tribal stigma of race, nation, religion
History that follow us around
- Sheng nu in China
Some types of deviant lables have very strong and long-lasting effects and impacts on the person
Sometimes we just have two very different definitions of the same situations - different generations
- LKY 'Get your PhD and your boyfriend'
General consensus versus government expectations
Effects of stigma
Objective
- Effects on social relationships
- Social
How others treat you
- Familial
Sometimes your family can also create a stigma for you
- Educational
- Economic
Social capital
- Behavioural outcome
- Objective effects - easily measurable
Subjective
- Effects on self
- Self-fulfilling prophecies
Because of the way we are treated or told of what we are like, we internalise
- Self concept
Self esteem
Self efficacy
Meaning of stigma
- Negotiated in everyday life
But not everyone attaches the same meanings
Ways of negotiating
- Correct or remove the stigma
- Hide the stigma
Could also be concealed
- Avoid situations in which stigma is obvious
Quit entering situations where their stigma is obvious
- Surround one with equal or lower-status individuals
Define them on the same level and help them gain a positive effect on their self-esteem
- Push for change in social definitions of the stigma
Socially constructed
- Only exist within a moral framework that is created by others
Labeling theory (Becker)
- Deviance from relativist perspective (consequence of making and enforcing rules) [VS absolutist perspective: deviance necessitates from social control)
Social groups that define social order and moral values.
- Rules - tell us what is acceptable and unacceptable
How are things banned? Formally or informally
What can be banned? Behaviors or identities
Rules creators & rules enforcers
- Deviance is not natural but created - power dynamics
Moral entrepreneurs (people who work to make people understand and accept their definition of morals or how the society ought to work)
- Push certain moral agenda on social groups
- Business of controlling morality
A form of social control
Detecting deviance
- Structural factors
CCTVs, police, public
- Attributional factors
We assume that there are right ways to do things and those who are unable to do so are attributed as a deviant
Assigning and negotiating meaning
- Inferences about the motivation underlying a particular action/condition
- Third premise of symbolic interaction
- Defining the setting
- Defining the people involved
a. Stereotype to label meaning on the person (less likely to label as deviant if the person is young, old, etc compared to healthy people. --> labeling the person, not the action)
b. Negotiating meaning
c. Attributing meaning
Reacting to people after assigning meaning
How do we react to deviance? (react to deviance --> meaningful action --> results)
- Type & degree
- Time & place
- Relative status of people involved - their identities
- How our reactions might be perceived
Effects of reaction
- Objective - tangible consequences
- Subjective - intangible consequences
A social phenomenon
- Product of meaning-making and assigning meaning (interaction)
- We are socialised into attributing negative meaning to certain things and it evokes a negative reaction
The result of labeling acts or attributes that
- Depart in an undesirable way from group norms
- And evoke negative reactions
Acts, attributes and language
- Labeling = interactive
- The label will have an effect - negative effect
Force you to change your behaviour
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