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Corrections (History of Corrections (Convict Leasing (Rehab via:…

- - - - Capitol - death
      - Corporal - floggings, beatings, whippings
  - - - Pennsylvania System
        
        sperate system
        
        quaker idea of reformation through isiolation and repentence
        
        malnut street jail/eastern state penitentiary
      - New York System
        
        congregate system
        
        auburn penitentiary, new york
        
        isolated at night, work together during the day
        
        began contract labor system involving inmates
  - - - medical/psychological treatment
      - vocational training
      - education
  - - - inmate change rewarded by release
      - indeterminate sentences
      - seperation of sexes
    - - marks system
  - - - medical/psychological treatment
      - vocational training
      - education
  - - - civil rights movement
      - vietnam war
  - - - longer sentences
      - mandatory sentences
      - 3 strikes legislation
      - greater use of incarceration
- - - - education
      - ability to work
      - risk to security
      - readiness/ time to release
  - - - approx. 153,000 inmates over 55
      - increased cost due to medical needs, security
      - average cost is about 3x the cost of younger inmate
      - programming and environmental needs
    - - 1.6% of state prison inmates
        
        may be low estimate due to lack of testing
      - decline in AIDS related deaths due to treatment
      - increased medical costs
      - programming/education
    - - deinstitutionalization of mental healthcare
        
        increase in use of perscription medication
        
        outpatient w/meds less expensive
      - influx of mentally ill into CJS
        
        revolving door
        
        not taking care of themselves and come into system and recieve treatment but when released repeats cycle
      - issues of:
        
        security
        
        cost
        
        psychiatric units
    - - 20+ years; natural life
      - transitions into elderly inmates
      - issues of:
        
        programming
        
        connection to community
        
        mental health
  - - - diong time
      - gleaning
      - jailing
      - disorganized
  - - - goods services
      - services
  - - - age
      - race
      - mental illness
    - - prisoner -> prisoner
      - prisoner -> officer
      - officer-> prisoner
- - - - grace
      - crontract
      - custody
  - - - strict imprisonment
      - labor in chain gang
      - limited freedom
      - ticket of leave/conditional pardon
      - full restoration of liberty
    - - ticket of leave transitioned to condition-based parole
  - - - completes maximum court sentence
      - is not supervised in the community
    - - maximum minus good time, or a percentage of full sentence is served
      - released conditional parole supervision
    - - parole board descision to release to parole supervision within indeterminate sentencing states
    - - furloughs, home supervision, probation, emergency release, compassionate release, among others
  - - - keep community safe
      - enforce conditions of release
      - may search without notice, warrant
      - arrest without bail for suspected violations
    - - assist with housing, employment
      - liaison between parolee and the community
      - build relation for success
  - - - Morrissey vs. Brewer (1972)
        
        hearing to determine probable cause
        
        parole board determines if violation, and response
      - Use of intermediate sanctions
        
        attempt to keep parolee in community
- - - - prior to 1960
        
        "slave to state" "civil death"
      - courts were not open to hearing civil rights concerns of those in prison
    - - begins with Cooper vs. Pate (1964)
        
        ends "hands off" period
        
        uses Civil Rights Act of 1871, Section 1983 to access federal court as a state inmate
        
        inmates could now use Sec. 1983 to sue in regard to conditions, treatment, nutrition, medical care, etc...
    - - freedom of speech, religion, expression
      - Procunier vs. Martinez (1974)
        
        mail censorchip only with demonstration of compelling government interest
      - Turner vs. Safley (1987)
        
        may restrict flow of mail between inmates at different institutions
      - Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) and Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA)
    - - search and seizure
      - Hudson vs. Palmer (1984)
        
        may search cells and confiscate with suspicion of wrongdoing or justification
      - Bell vs. Wolfish (1979)
        
        body searches permissible to fit institutional need and when not used to degrade
      - Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders (2012)
        
        may strip search those entering jail under minor offenses
    - - punishment shocks conscience civilized society
      - unnecessarily cruel
      - is beyond legitimate penal aims
      - totality of conditions
      - deliberate conditions
    - - due process
        
        Wolff vs. McDonnell (1947)
        
        basic procedural right in diciplinary hearings, sanctions
      - equal protections
        
        Lee vs. Washington (1968)
        
        discrimination cannot be official policy
  - - - Griffin vs. Wisconsin (1987)
      - Samson vs. California (2006)
        
        a probation officer can go in a house of a parolee without a warrant
    - - Morrissey vs. Brewer (1972)
      - Gangon vs. Scarpelli (1973)
        
        the process must be there/ probable cause
  - - - set personnel procedure
  - - - section 1983
    - - may sue employee due to violation by agency's "customs and usage"
        
        poor supervision
        
        inadequate or insuffecient training
        
        policy
    - - employees pay personally
- - - - John Augustus, Boston 1841
      - first statewide system in Massachusetts, 1880
      - 21 states by 1920
      - 44 states by the start of WW2
      - began as second chance, evolved into supervision and service provision
      - now incorporates risk assesment
    - - Centralized vs. decentralized
        
        centralized
        
        state is in charge of probation and provision
        
        state does probation and parole
        
        decentralized
        
        state is not in charge but individual county courts are
        
        each county is in charge of funding and admistering services
      - Works best with solid working relationship between judge and supervising officer
    - - Attend court
        
        new PSIs requested
        
        update or modification hearings
        
        revocation
        
        technical violation
        
        violation of probation or parole
      - Write presentence reports
      - Supervision of clients
        
        home
        
        work
  - - - How is it different than fines?
        
        the money goes to the victim eventually
    - - stuff that is taken and held
  - - - requires telephone service
      - costly to offender
      - high failure rate
    - - daily check-ins
      - often require programming
    - - probation diversion
      - institutional diversion
  - - - shock incarceration
      - youthful offenders
      - resolve "discipline issues"
      - decline in use since 2000s