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Studying Behaviour Scientifically (Scientific Principles in Psychology…
Studying Behaviour Scientifically
Scientific Principles in Psychology
Scientific Attitudes
Research Foundation: Bystander Intervention
Gathering Evidence: Steps in the Scientific Process
Two Approaches to Understadning Behaviour
Defining and Measuring Variables
Focus on Neuroscience: human brain at work
Methods of Research
Descriptive research:
Recording Events
Naturalistic observation:
avoiding influencing behaviour by observing events in their natural setting
presence of an observer may influence the subjects' behaviour
habituation:
adaptation of the subject to
ignore
the observer over time
Survey Research
: use of questionnaires/interviews to obtain information
ex. Canadian national character vs. individual personailty traits
Important:
population
and
sample
population: all the individuals about whom researchers are interested in drawing a conclusion for
sample: subset of the population drawn
random sampling:
each individual has an equal opportunity of being chosen to participate in a survey
representative sample:
group chosen to reflect characteristics of the population
stratified random sampling:
divide the population into subgroups then making the subjects of the survey random within those characteristics
population composes 45% men then the sample will have 45% men
Better to have a small representative sample than a large unrepresentative one
Correlational Research:
Measuring Associations between Events
Correlation does not establish causation
composition:
measurement of a second variable, "Y"
statistical analysis to determine whether X and Y are related
measurement of one variable, "X"
Experiments: Cause and Effect
Threats to Validity of Research
Placebo effects
Experimenter Expectancy Effects
Confounding of Variables
Replicating and Generalizing the findings
Ethical Principles in Human & Animal research
Animal Research
Human research
Critical Thinking In Science in Everyday Life
Evaluating claims