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Formation evaluation (INTRODUCTION 1 (1.1 Introduction, 1.2 Conditions…

- - - - 4.4.1 Derivation of the Capillary Pressure Equation
      - 4.4.2 Capillary Force
      - 4.4.3 Reservoir Scenarios
    - - 4.5.1 Capillary Rise and Reservoir Fluid Pressures
      - 4.5.2 Displacement Pressure
    - - 4.6.1 Porous Plate
      - 4.6.2 Centrifuge
      - 4.6.3 Mercury Porosimetry
- - - - 6.6.1 Introduction
      - 6.6.2 Invasion with Water-Based Drilling Muds
      - 6.6.3 Invasion with Oil-Based Drilling Muds
      - 6.6.4 Fluid Segregation
- - - - 7.6.1 Oil and Water
      - 7.6.2 Gas, Oil and Water
- - - - 11.10.1 Determination of Lithology
      - 11.10.2 Determination of Shale Content
      - 10.10.3 Depth Matching
      - 10.10.4 Cased Hole Correlations
      - 11.10.5 Recognition of Radioactive Mineral Deposits
      - 11.10.6 Recognition of Non-Radioactive Mineral Deposits
      - 11.10.7 Radio-isotope Tracer Operations
      - 11.10.8 Facies and Depositional Environment Analysis
- - - - 12.10.1 Determination of Lithology
        
        12.10.1.1 Discriminating between Sands, Shales and Accessory Minerals
        
        12.10.1.2 Carbonate Formations
        
        12.10.1.3 Evaporites
      - 12.10.2 Unconformity Detection
      - 12.10.3 Inter-well Correlation
      - 12.10.4 Recognition of Igneous Rocks
      - 12.10.5 Diagenesis
      - 12.10.6 Sedimentology
      - 12.10.7 Estimation of Uranium Potential
      - 12.10.8 Cation Exchange Capacity
      - 12.10.9 Radioactive Scaling
      - 12.10.10 Hydrocarbon Potential
      - 12.10.11 Fracture Detection
      - 12.10.12 Stylolite Detection
      - 12.10.13 Phosphate Detection
- - - - 13.12.1 Determination of Porosity
      - 13.12.2 Acoustic Impedance
      - 13.12.3 Identification of Lithology
      - 13.12.4 Identification of Evaporites
      - 13.12.5 Shale Compaction, Age, and Unconformities
      - 13.12.6 Overpressure
      - 13.12.7 Recognition of Accessory Mineralogies
      - 13.12.8 Fracture Recognition
      - 13.12.9 Organic Content of Source Rocks
- - - - 14.2.1 Compton Scattering and Photo-Electric Absorption
      - 14.2.2 Specific Photo-Electric Absorption Index
      - 14.2.3 Volumetric Photo-Electric Absorption Index
      - 14.2.4 Factors Influencing the PEF Log
    - - 14.9.1 Determination of Lithology
      - 14.9.2 Detection of Heavy Minerals and Inter-Well Correlation
      - 14.9.3 Fractures
- - - - 15.2.1 Neutron Emission
      - 15.2.2 Neutron Scattering
      - 15.2.3 Neutron Absorption
      - 15.2.4 Hydrogen Index
    - - 15.3.1 Gamma Ray/Neutron Tool (GNT)
      - 15.3.2 Sidewall Neutron Porosity Tool (SNP)
      - 15.3.3 Compensated Neutron Log (CNL)
    - - 15.10.1 Determination of Porosity
      - 15.10.2 Determination of Lithology
    - - 15.11.1 Compatible Scales and the Density-Neutron Cross-plot
      - 15.11.2 Clean Formations
      - 15.11.3 Shaly Formations
      - 15.11.4 Distinctive Lithologies
      - 15.11.5 Evaporites
- - - - 16.2.1 Wave Types
      - 16.2.2 Reflection and Refraction
    - - 16.3.1 Early Tools
      - 16.3.2 Dual Receiver Tools
      - 16.3.3 Borehole Compensated Sonic (BHC) Tool
      - 16.3.4 Long Spacing Sonic (LSS) Tool
      - 16.3.5 Common Industry Tools
    - - 16.9.1 Noise
      - 16.9.2 Delta t Stretch
      - 16.9.3 Cycle Skipping
      - 16.9.4 Mud Arrivals
      - 16.9.5 Altered Zone Arrivals
    - - 16.10.1 Seismic Data Calibration
      - 16.10.2 Seismic Interval Velocities
      - 16.10.3 Synthetic Seismograms
      - 16.10.4 Porosity Determination
        
        16.10.4.1 The Wyllie Time Average Equation
        
        16.10.4.2 The Raymer-Hunt Equation
        
        16.10.4.3 Calibration against Core
        
        16.10.4.4 Secondary and Fracture Porosity
        
        16.10.4.5 The Effect of Shale on the Sonic Derived Porosity
        
        16.10.4.6 The Effect of Gas on the Sonic Derived Porosity
      - 16.10.5 Stratigraphic Correlation
      - 16.10.6 Identification of Lithologies
      - 16.10.7 Compaction
      - 16.10.8 Overpressure
- - - - 18.2.1 Electrochemical Components
      - 18.2.2 Electrokinetic Components
      - 18.2.3 The Combined Spontaneous Potential Effect
    - - 18.7.1 Permeable Beds
      - 18.7.2 Correlation and Facies
      - 18.7.3 Mineral Recognition
      - 18.7.4 Calculation of Rw
        
        18.7.4.1 The Quick-Look Method - Procedure
        
        18.7.4.2 The Quick-Look Method - Example
        
        18.7.4.3 The Single Chart Method - Procedure
        
        18.7.4.4 The Single Chart Method – Example
        
        18.7.4.5 The Smits Method – Procedure
        
        18.7.4.6 The Smits Method – Example
      - 18.7.5 Calculation of Shale Volume
- - - - 19.5.1 The Basic Laterologs
      - 19.5.2 The Dual Laterolog
      - 19.5.3 The Spherically Focussed Log
    - - 19.6.1 The Microlog
      - 19.6.2 The Microlaterolog
      - 19.6.3 The Proximity Log
      - 19.6.4 The Micro Spherically Focussed Log
    - - 19.7.1 The 6FF40 Induction-Electrical Survey Log
      - 19.7.2 The 6FF28 Induction-Electrical Survey Log
      - 19.7.3 The Dual Induction-Laterolog
      - 19.7.4 The Induction Spherically Focussed Log
      - 19.7.5 Array Induction Tools
    - - 19.12.1 Recognition of Hydrocarbon Zones
      - 19.12.2 Calculation of Water Saturation
      - 19.12.3 Textures and Facies Recognition
      - 19.12.4 Correlation
      - 19.12.5 Lithology Recognition
      - 19.12.6 Other Applications
- - - - 20.2.1 Effective Porosity
      - 20.2.2 Total Porosity
      - 20.2.3 Sand/Shale Modes
    - - 20.3.1 Laminar clays
      - 20.3.2 Dispersed Clays
      - 20.3.3 Structural Clays
      - 20.3.4 Waxman and Smits Equation