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Chapter 3 Conquests (The devastation of the Indies (reaprtimiento (The…

- - - - first real governor who arrived in 1502. Saw art as his tasks to destroy the remaining chiefdoms.
      - invited all the chiefs to speak with him inside and invited them to speak with them inside 80 chiefs and then set it on fire. Lady Anaconda was hanged. She had been the leader of the province Xaragua, where the chiefs came from.
      - Fray Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres (Brozas, Extremadura, Spain 1460 – Madrid, Spain 29 May 1511) was a Spanish soldier from a noble family and a Knight of the Order of Alcántara. He was Governor of the Indies (Hispaniola) from 1502 until 1509. His administration is perhaps best known for its brutal treatment of the native Taíno population of Hispaniola.
      - Along with him also came Francisco Pizarro, who would later explore western South America and conquer the Inca Empire. Another ship carried Bartolomé de las Casas, who became known as the 'Protector of the Indians' for exposing atrocities committed by Ovando and his subordinates. Hernán Cortés, a family acquaintance and distant relative, was supposed to sail to the Americas in this expedition, but was prevented from making the journey by an injury he sustained while hurriedly escaping from the bedroom of a married woman of Medellín.
  - - - conquest of Puerto Rico began in 1507
      - encomienda system was established, gold was also found
      - Juan Ponce de León 1474 – July 1521) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Spanish crown. He led the first known European expedition to La Florida, which he named during his first voyage to the area in 1513. Though in popular culture, he was supposedly searching for the Fountain of Youth, there is no contemporary evidence to support the story, which all modern historians call a myth.
    - - Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (1465 in Cuéllar, Spain – c. June 12, 1524 in Santiago de Cuba) was a Spanish conquistador. He conquered and governed Cuba on behalf of Spain and moved Havana from the south coast of western Cuba to the north coast, placing it well as a port for Spanish trade
      - began the conquest of Cuba in 1511
  - - - Traveling back to Spain to recruit more missionaries, he continued lobbying for the abolition of the encomienda, gaining an important victory by the passing of the New Laws in 1542. He was appointed Bishop of Chiapas, but served only for a short time before he was forced to return to Spain because of resistance to the New Laws by the encomenderos, and conflicts with Spanish settlers because of his pro-Indian policies and activist religious stances.
      - Bartolomé de las Casas spent 50 years of his life actively fighting slavery and the violent colonial abuse of indigenous peoples, especially by trying to convince the Spanish court to adopt a more humane policy of colonization. Unlike the other priests who sought to destroy all of the indigenous peoples native books and writings, he was strictly opposed to this action[3]. Although he failed to save the indigenous peoples of the Western Indies, his efforts resulted in several improvements in the legal status of the natives, and in an increased colonial focus on the ethics of colonialism. Las Casas is often seen as one of the first advocates for universal conception of human dignity (later human rights)
      - Bartolomé de las Casas (Spanish: [bartoloˈme ðe las ˈkasas] (About this sound listen); c. 1484[1] – 18 July 1566) was a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians". His extensive writings, the most famous being A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies and Historia de Las Indias, chronicle the first decades of colonization of the West Indies and focus particularly on the atrocities committed by the colonizers against the indigenous peoples
    - - asked the encomenderos to rethink their behaviour
      - as a result of this the laws of Burgos were established in 1512-13
- - - - Mvemba a Nzinga or Nzinga Mbemba (c. 1456–1542 or 1543),[1] also known as King Afonso I, was a ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo in the first half of the 16th century. He reigned over the Kongo Empire from 1509 to late 1542 or 1543.
      - war about his succession
- - - - they were attacked by the natives in Yucatan
      - sent a their expedition under Hernando Cortés
      - was the governor of cuba and dispatched an expedition of discovery in 1517 and found Yucatan
    - - expedition had 450 Spaniards, 200 Cubn Natives and several africans
      - 4000 unarmed men visited the Spaniards and they offered them presents and told about their king Moteuccoma
        
        landed at the Maya City of Champotón -> and seized the town following two battles. once he was victorious maya people presented them with gifts and also 20 women one of them was Malinali, whom the Spanish called Dona marina who spoke both Nahuatl and Maya -> one of his soldiers spoke maya. She became Cortés interpreter and mistress and trusted advisor.
        
        Malintzin was introduced to the Spanish in April 1519, when she was among 20 slave women given by the Chontal Maya of Potonchán (in the present-day state of Tabasco) after the Spaniards defeated them in battle.
      - the conquest
        
        the beginnings
        
        after that Meeting he decided to march on Tenochtitlan -> Every kingdom divided against itself will be brought to desolation
        
        he left a guard at vera cruz and left with 300 Spaniards and thousands of Totonac porters
        
        learned about the discontent that existed among the peoples of Mexica in Cempohuallan. They complained about the tributes andCortés formed an alliance with them. Cortés abondoned the idea of simply establishing a colony at the coast.
        
        the Tlaxcala
        
        when courts heard of their independence he marched to them. they were attacked by thousands of professional warriors and driven back. They would later state that they fought that they had been enemies.
        
        when asked they replied that they were free men
        
        cortes forged an alliance with them. they received a message from Moteuccouma that they should not advance any further. This passivity of Moteuccouma has long puzzled historians
        
        he learned more about the city of Cholula -> the second most populous city in Mexico and also the holiest site in Mexico
        
        Moteuccouma
        
        he though that courts was some sort of returning god, the feathered serpent, Quetzalcoatl. there is not sufficient evidence whether this is true. Quetzalcoalt became a god after he died
        
        Cholula
        
        Cortes marched there with 5000 Tlaxtalteken -> massacred the whole cit after being earned by the tlaxkalteken that they were outside the thing. However, this was not a defensive action
        
        Tenochtitlan
        
        Moteouccoma welcomed them and said that they are at home. Cortes takes him as a captive
        
        Alvarado was left in Tenochtitaln while Cortes punished and he slaughtered the mexican elite
        
        te mexicans ought back and when cortes came the were led in to the city but besieged as well. One day Mouteccouma made an appeal from the roof and was killed
        
        the Spaniards try to flee but proved to be impossible and Cortes looses a lot of men 860 out of 1380. nevertheless the Tlaxcaltans maintained the relationship even though they could have killed Cortes and his men.
        
        second attack on Tenochtitlan
        
        smallpox destroys 1/4 of the population in the valley
        
        wins the battle and want to make peace with the mexica who do not want peace -> massacre follows
        
        overall the conquest had killed more than 100000 mexica
        
        after the conquest
        
        they took all of the gold out of the city
        
        Mexico came to be called new spain
        
        establish he encomienda system and destroy all the temples and replace them with churches
      - conquest of the Tarascan empire, Guzman was very brutal
      - conquest of Yucatan
        
        the spaniards were driven back to their ships in Yucatan
        
        Fransisco de Montejo tried the conquest but withdrew after 2 years and came back in 1931 with a larger force
        
        1540 - 1547 was the third and last compaign, even though the spaniards proclaimed victory in 1547 the fitting continued for centuries
  - - - they started in 1530 and march along the coast. the started from Panama
      - the was a war among the Inka -> Athualpa against Huascar
      - Atahualpa did not fear the spaniards and planned to capture and kill them
      - Atahualpa enters Cajamarca and thinks that his enemies are hiding but they are actually just in the houses and then attack the Inca
      - Atahualpa promises a room full of gold and additional several and for the next eight month they came with gold from throughout the empire. the body far exceeded that of cortes
    - - Pizarro adopted tehe mantle of the liberator
      - 1534 defeat of the Quintan army under quisquis
      - Cortes had made tenochtitlan which he rebuild his centre as well but Pizarro feared wth Cusco that it was too far from the centre and instead founded the city ciudad de los reyes which became later known as Lima
      - Manco
        
        almagro
        
        Francisco Pizarro relieves cusco with a force in 1936. Alamagro who had marched south to conquer chile approached Cusco. Almagro and his men further believed that they had been awarded a second rank conquistador status because they had not participated in the capture of Athualpua
        
        Alamagros trip to chile had not been successful because difficult and not very lucrative
        
        attack cusco years later with 100000 men while Hernando Pizarro only has 270 spaniards defending the city. He does a siege for a year before concentrating on Lima
        
        civil war in 1537. Alamgaro had made an alliance with Mancos half brotherPaullu and defeats the Pizarro force at cuzscu
        
        there were now three forces fighting for control in the region. The Pizarro brothers in Lima, Almagro and Paullu and the Inca under Manco, now established in vilcabamba. In 1538 Pizarro won a victory at the outskirt of cusco and Almagro was captured and executed. Some years later alamagristas broke into Pizarros palace and executed him
        
        Paullo was adaptable as usual and switched sides to the Pizarro brothers and was then a puppy t emperor.
        
        Manco started a new offensive in 1538. mango and his successor fought of the spaniards until 1571
        
        Manco Inca Yupanqui (1516–1544) (Manqu Inka Yupanki in Quechua) was the founder and monarch (Sapa Inca) of the independent Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, although he was originally a puppet Inca Emperor installed by the Spaniards. He was also known as "Manco II" and "Manco Cápac II" ("Manqu Qhapaq II"[citation needed]). He was one of the sons of Huayna Cápac and a younger brother of Huascar