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IEC 61131-3 (Operations technology VS Information technology (IT/OT…

- - - - IoT-connected machinery offers uptime rewards at minimal risk but when done wrong, that connectivity into OT systems can pose big threats.
    - - “Integrating these systems can provide a lot of efficiency and help with goals like uptime, but at the same time, as things become more connected, they become more vulnerable.” says Keith Blodorn, director of program management at ProSoft Technology, which specializes in industrial communications and remote access solutions.
  - - - As Internet-capable technology has moved into industrial control systems and supervisory control and data acquisitions (SCADA) networks. However, operations technology faces the same malware, identity management and access control security challenges that IT faces. The difference is that vulnerabilities in an OT system can leave critical infrastructure at risk of sabotage that can result in life or death situations if not addressed.
        http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/operational-technology
- - - - OEM ?
    - - As a result of having an architecture based on ladder logic and
        focus on discrete on-off control, expanding a PLC beyond its original capabilities—such as adding extensive analog control capabilities—has often proved difficult. In older or lower-end PLCs, separate hardware cards usually had to be added and programmed to accomplish functions outside the PLC’s core focus.
        
        On the other hand, PACs provide a more open architecture and modular design to facilitate communication and interoperability with other devices, networks, and enterprise systems. They can be easily used for communicating, monitoring, and control across various networks and devices because they employ standard protocols and network technologies such as Ethernet, OPC, and SQL.
        
        PACs also offer a single platform that operates in multiple domains such as motion, discrete, and process control. Moreover, the modular design of a PAC simplifies system expansion and makes adding and removing sensors and other devices easy, often eliminating the need to disconnect wiring. Their modular design makes it easy to add and effectively monitor and control thousands of I/O points, a task beyond the reach of most PLCs.
        
        PAC can do discrete and processcontrol and remote monitoring
    - - PLC-DCS-SCADA
  - - - These building blocks can be custom-made models or objects from a process library
        
        An entire DCS process plant can be built from mix tank models that are built from I/O
        
        Those control blocks are made of a custom
        block implemented in ST, which subtracts the
        difference between integration of the input flow
        value and the accumulation of the PD pump
        pulses. The output of that block drives a low-pass
        filter from the free Open Source Community for
        Automation Technology (OSCAT) open-source
        controls library
  - - - Thanks to inheritance, the complexity of the
        base class operations is hidden from the programmer.
        All the programmer needs to do is assemble
        library blocks that differentiates the equipment
        types. Or, using dynamic objects, the structure
        could be configured from the batch server as well.
- - - - To reduce project costs, every discipline must challenge all historical project execution processes and procedures, and eliminate or simplify the processes and procedures
        
        ExxonMobil’s goal is to design a new architecture that will control and optimize refining and chemical manufacturing facilities while enabling future equipment and information services such as preventative maintenance and fleet optimization.
        The design and implementation is based on architecture standards that will ensure modularity, interoperability, extensibility, reuse, portability, and scalability of the new system.
        Andy went on to explain that today’s proprietary systems do not provide a solid foundation for digital transformation. While most plants are highly automated, the level of automation has not changed significantly in three decades. “We believe the process industries are ripe for digital transformation. Most process plants are more than 20 years old. Installed automation and other assets are increasingly expensive to maintain, failure-prone, inefficient, susceptible to cyber attacks, and expensive to upgrade.”
        At the same time, many new technologies are maturing. These include mobile devices, cloud applications, analytics, 3D visualization, additive manufacturing, wireless communication, robotics and drones, machine learning, and open platforms. According to Andy, “These technologies can help you transform your business.”
        He pointed out that more industries are moving to open platforms and that ARC’s Collaborative Process Automation System (CPAS) model aligns well with ExxonMobil’s vision for the process industry. “However, IT/OT convergence is essential for digital transformation and our industry has to get IT and OT people to work together better.”
        “Today’s software systems are becoming so complex, you have to start designing software in small components or libraries that communicate in a standard way through software protocols.”
        • Be both customer-centric and demand-driven
        • Ensure collaboration
        • Have strong IT and OT engineering resources
        • Embrace open and secure software platforms
        • Seek opportunities for transformation
        It Just Happens” initiative, which aims to reduce the complexity and interdependencies involved with automation projects to radically reduce time to project completion and remove customized engineering and overall customization.
        ABB’s Intelligent Projects approach is designed to eliminate the interdependencies between the Select I/O hardware from the control system software, which allows the system to be developed in a virtual environment where it can be merged with the physical system after the full system has been developed and any late changes to the system have already been made. Unlike the traditional automation project execution model, which is completely linear from design to commissioning, Intelligent Projects allows project phases to be completed in parallel. Hardware build, for example, can be completed in parallel with software configuration.
        A Clear Goal for Open Architecture
        The Open Group Forum, referred to as Open Process Automation™, was formed with the goal to define and certify a standards-based components architecture for secure and interoperable process control systems.
        
        He went on to explain the problems related to custom engineering
        solutions. “We want to eliminate customized solutions as much as
        possible. We need standardization to eliminate a significant number of steps in a project.” This includes eliminating redundant qualification testing, factory acceptance testing, and site acceptance testing. “Things like smart I/O have also freed us from dependencies.”
        
        These include more standard solutions and reduced customization; reduced complexity due to simplified designs; reduced component counts and number of different systems; ability to take full advantage of installed automation assets; reduced number of dependencies; reduced number of (and simplified) interfaces; fewer and/or more automated processes; and automatically generated documentation.
        “We saw opportunities for improvement through open architectures and virtualization; not just for engineering, but also to provide new ways for process control. We saw a constructive revolution taking place in the defense avionics industry by transitioning from a proprietary ‘stovepipe’ model to fully open and interoperable, standards-based system architecture.
        We saw IoT and wireless changing management expectations, with questions such as, ‘Why do we even need control systems anymore?’ And we’re seeing new solutions for the security challenge, with new security models emerging to enable more secure data flow between the operational technology layer and IT/cloud layers.”
        “It Just Happens,” vision; would involve no compromises in safety, security, or availability; and most importantly, the goal is to create a commercially available system (rather than one just limited to ExxonMobil) that would be applicable to all current DCS markets.