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Group Processes (Prejudice (Moghaddam (2005) # (threat to personal freedom…

- - - - evaluation apprehension --> debilitation
  - - - promote contextualized democracy
    - - inter-objectivity and justice
  - - - measured ethnic identity achievement through Multigroup Ethnic Identity measure (MEIM)
      - Surinamese-Dutch identity
      - Self-esteem
      - Ethnic identity
      - Perceived discrimination
    - - National identification
      - Group disidentification
      - ethnic identity in conjunction with religious identity
      - role of perceived group rejection on identity
      - Turkish/Muslim-Dutch identity
  - - - Reduces adverse effects of stereotype threat
      - Role models of the same in-group
      - Role model has to have accomplished something that directly goes against the stereotype
  - - - Ingroup altruism
      - outgroup hostility
- - - - competitive vs cooperative
      - relative power
      - relative cultural status
      - --> Types of images
        
        enemy image: intense competition, similar cultural status & power
        
        ally image: cooperative goal interdependence, similar power/capabilities, equal status
        
        barbarian image: evil, destructive (high power?), low cultural status, no cooperation
        
        dependent image: inept; goal independent, lower cultural status & power, contempt towards them --> exploit/protect.
        
        imperialist: goal independent, higher status & power
  - - - Pure coordination vs pure non-correspondence
    - - Personality traits: competitive, collective, individual
      - Gains vs losses
      - Group size, self efficacy, anonymity, identification
    - - Privatization, leadership, & sanctioning systems
    - - Dual concern theory
- - - - extent to which a person assimilates to the group varies between individuals, thus having differing effects on the social self between members of the same group (commitment)
        
        Low commitment
        
        No threat
        
        efficiency --> non-involvement
        
        Group-directed
        
        value --> individual mobility
        
        Individual-directed: categorization --> self-affirmation
        
        High commitment
        
        No threat: social meaning --> identity expression
        
        Group-directed: distinctiveness/value --> group affirmation
        
        Individual-directed: exclusion --> acceptance
      - Social context
        
        Social comparison: stability, legitimacy, permeability, validity --> threatening or enhancing social identity
- - - - Actor control, partner control, & joint control
      - Dependence ranges from a person having unilateral power over their partner to depending unilaterally on their partner; with symmetric dependence in the middle.
- - - - produce effects in all but adverse conditions
      - have affective consequences
      - direct cognitive processing
      - lead to ill effects when thwarted
      - elicit goal-oriented behavior
      - universal
      - not derivative of other motives
      - affect a broad variety of behaviors
      - implications beyond immediate psych. functioning
  - - - reference
      - working
      - social category
      - culture
      - crowd
      - dyad
    - - interaction
      - interdependence
      - structure
      - self-categorization
      - social identity
- - - - fraternal deprivation
- - - - Protracted (lasting at least a generation)
      - Violent (intentionally)
      - Perceived as irresolvable, will always be like that
      - Demand extensive investment (e.g. military, economic, psychological etc)
      - Total (existential fact of life)
      - Perceived as zero-sum in nature
    - - Functions
      - Institutionalization
      - Consequences
      - Elements
  - - - socio-psychological barriers
        
        sociopsychological infrastructure of that society --> institutionalized --> solidified culture of conflict
        
        ethos of the conflict
        
        collective emotional orientation
        
        shared /collective(ongoing) memory
    - - contradictory information
      - information via experience
      - training skills
      - paradoxical thinking
    - - "new information, which is consistent with the held societal
        beliefs, but of extreme content that is intended to lead an
        individual to paradoxically perceive his or her currently held
        societal beliefs or the current situation as irrational and senseless"