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Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes (Self-Regulation of Behavior,…
Social and Behavioral Socialization Outcomes
Self-Regulation of Behavior
self-regulation- ability to regulate one's impulses
Ability to delay gratification
self-regulatory difficulties can be symptoms of conduct disorders, ADHD, and depression
Can be seen in children beginning at age 2
Temperament- genetically based characteristics that determine a person's sensitivity to various experiences and responsiveness to social interaction
parenting style and emotions influence self-regulation
antisocial behavior- behavior that harms other people, such as aggression and crime
Prosocial behavior- behavior that benefits other people
Altruism- voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another person or group w/ out reward
Aggression
Biological Theories
Evolution
Genetics
Neuroscience
Neuroscience
Social Cognitive Theories
Learning Theory
Information Processing Theory
Sociocultural Theories
Peers
Community
Ecological Theories
aggressive behavior involves the child, family, school, peer group, media, community
Aggression begins early in life
What can be done about aggression?
organize environment to minimize conflicts
Set Standards
Stop aggression immediately
give children alternative ways of solving problems
anticipate possible situations in which aggressive behavior may occur
provide opportunities for cooperative activities
Foster helpfulness and cooperation
be a positive role model
Reward pro-social behavior
Aggression can be caused by harsh parental discipline, lack of maternal warmth, exposure to aggressive adults, maternal aggressive values, family life stressors, mother's lack of social support, peer group instability, and lack of cognitive stimulation
Altruism
behaviors that are kind, considerate, generous, and helpful
Is biologically influences and shows consistency over time
Biological Theories
Freud (1938) believed altruistic behavior are an indication of ability to regulate biological drives
Freuds
id
- biological drives (reproduction and survival) are part of the personality that seeks self-gratification
The rational part of personality is called the
ego
which helps delay gratification
superego
- conscience that regulates impulses and behaves according to internalized parental standards
Hoffman believed that empathy is part of human nature and is an inherited biological predisposition
Social Cognitive Theories
Learning Theory
direct reinforcement- reward for altruistic act
vicarious reinforcement- observing someone else engage in the act and getting reinforced for it
Long-term affects of concrete rewards may have negative long-term affects
Observing and Imitating a model encourages behaviors
Instruction
Learning by Doing
Cognitive Developmental Theories
perspective-taking
Moral reasoning
Social Interaction Theories
Communication Style
Parenting Style
Sociocultural theories
Some societies provide more opportunities for learning to behave prosocially than others do.
Cooperative and competitive condition
The value a society puts on collectivist orientation versus individualistic orientation influences children
Moral Development
Piaget's Theory
mortality- understanding of and adherence to rules through one's own volition.
heteronomous morality- rules are moral absolutes that cannot be changed
autonomous morality- rules are arbitrary agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them
Examined idea that younger children reason about wrongness of act in terms of amount of damage done
Kohlberg's Theory
theory of moral development- no consistent relationship between parenting style and measures of conscience or values because mortality cannot be forced.
Mortality is constructed as a result of social experiences
Stages of moral development- Heteronomous mortality, individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange, conventional, social system and conscience, postconventional stage, and universal ethical principles,
Moral Development Influences
Situational Contexts
Judgement of the situation
moral situation- other people's rights or welfare
conventional situation- rules for appropriate behavior in group
Age of the child
2-3 year old's can distinguish between moral and conventional rules
cultural orientation
different cultures define moral and social conventional rules differently depending on if they are individualistic or collectivistic
Individual contexts (personal characteristics)
temperament
self-control
self-esteem
intelligence and education
Social Interaction
Emotions
morality is directed more by emotions than by reasoning
emotions related to morality are an important cause of strong reciprocal behavior and the willingness to sacrifice one's resources for others
We can promote moral growth in classroom by building sense of community, provide opportunities for children to have voice in establishing rules, give reasons for consequences, provide opportunities for collaborative peer group work, discuss concepts of fairness and unfairness, be a role model and point out other role models as they occur, etc.
Gender Roles and Sex Typing
gender role- qualities individuals understand to characterize males and females in their culture
children play a role in their own socialization due to biological programming within each sex
Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
Social Cognitive Theory
Cognitive Development Theory
Gender Schema Theory
Influences on Gender-role Development
Family
parents treat sons and daughters differently due to gender differences
parents encourage boys in active, motor, and manipulative play. Females are encouraged in passive feminine roles taking fine motor play
fathers are more influential in gender role socialization
Peers
peers begin to influence during preschool and are increasingly important in elementary school and high school.
begins in preschool years and intensifies during school years
boys and girls grow up in different peer environments
School
provides intentional and unintentional gender-related messages
many school activities are still sex-segregated
men are represented in positions of power and administration whereas women are teachers, usually in early grades
Title IX Education Amendment- outlawed discrimination on the basis of sex
Community
influence development through attitudes regarding what is appropriate behavior for girls and boys. It also provides role models.
affects what behaviors will be reinforced or punished
Mass Media
affects gender-role development by the way male and female characters are portrayed
includes screen, print, audio, and interactive venues