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sosc1960 exam 3 (20-21 treatment of psychological disorders (treating…

- - - - ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy) -> electrical to patients' head
      - Psychosurgery
        
        Brain surgery
    - - Antianxiety drugs
        
        reduce sad, increase well-being
      - Antipsychotic drugs
        
        reduce psychotic symptoms, e.g hallucination,delusion,agitation(激動)
      - Mood stabilizers
        
        prevent manic episodes of bipolar disorder
      - Antidepressant drugs
        
        remain Serotonin (well-being) longer
      - can be very effective
        
        but when withdrawal drugs-> returns symptoms
        
        side effects
    - - base on learning, reinforcement and extinction when normal and abnormal behavior are both learned, treatment only address the behavior
      - classical conditioning
        
        Aversive therapy, unpleasant stimulus-> nausea
        
        e.g alcohol additive use emetic drug -> patient feel nausea
        
        Systematic desensitization
        
        A hierarchy of fears
        
        gradual exposure to an anxiety that paired with relaxation
        -> extinguish anxiety
        
        Exposure treatment
        
        patient confront a stimulus they fear, no relaxation training
      - Operant conditioning: reward in desired behavior,
        ignored/ punished in undesired behavior
      - token system
        
        Rewards a person with a token
      - Contingency contracting
        
        Therapist rewards client when client achieve desired goals
      - Observational learning
        
        other people is modeled, Fearless peer
    - - assume: negative emotions from maladaptive thinking
        -> teach patient to think in adaptive way
      - sometimes called cognitive behavioral approach,
        incorporate learning principle to change the way ppl think
      - Maladaptive thinking process
        
        A -> B-> C
        negative activating condition -> irrational belief system -> emotional consequence
      - Rational-emotive behavior therapy
        
        restructure ppl belief system into more positive ways, challenge their bad thoughts
        because dysfunctional belief leads to irrational behavior
      - Cognitive therapy
        
        change ppl's illogical thoughts but less confrontational than REBT,
        Therapists play the role of a teacher, give patient info to change their mind
        
        Cognitive appraisal
    - - family therapy
      - self-help therapy
        
        ppl meet in a group without therapist to share feelings
      - group therapy
        
        ppl meet in a group with therapist to discuss pbs
    - - greater improvement than no treatment
        
        spontaneous remission
        
        but it may not work to everyone
        
        no single therapy works best for every pb,
        
        diff pb need diff treatment
        
        most therapies share similar elements
      - Eclectic approach to therapy
        
        use mixed/ various therapies to treat
      - Counseling” and “psychotherapy interchangeable,
        counselling is shorte-term, focus on specific issue and address its pbs,
        pb solving: teach ppl how to cope with /avoid pbs
- - - - narrative experience during sleep (typically rem)
      - type of dream
        
        falling, being attacked
        
        mostly unhappy
        
        some believe that the info of dream tell them future, themselves, spiritual world
      - Unconscious wish fulfillment theory (Sigmund Freud)
        
        dreams represent unconscious wishes
        
        Manifest content
        
        apparent story line
        
        latent content
        
        “disguised” meanings
        
        associate symbols in dream to sexual things
      - Dreams-for-survival theory
        
        gender diff in dreaming
        
        rem sleep help to memorize things better
        
        dream help us to store information to our long-term memory (reconsidered and reprocessed)
        
        reflect ongoing conscious, brain work more purposed
      - Activation-synthesis theory
        (J. Allan Hobson)
        
        produces electrical energy to stimulate memories stored in rem sleep
        
        make sense of neural signals by weaving them in storyline
      - control dreams
        
        forget 85% at first 10 mins
    - - refocusing attention -> altered state of consciousness
        
        improve health
      - repetition of a mantra
    - - consciousness
        
        Waking consciousness
        
        Altered states of consciousness
        
        change awareness either naturally or artificially人為
      - stage of sleep
        
        deeper sleep, slower brain wave pattern,
        women sleep quickly and have more deep sleep
        
        awake -> stage 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> REM
        
        stage 1 (non REM)
        
        between wakefulness and sleep,
        rapid but lower amplitude
        few mins
        
        stage 2 (non REM)
        
        slower more regular, have sleep spindles,
        insensitive to minor noises
        
        stage 3 (non REM)
        
        slow waves, greater peaks
        
        stage 4 (non rem)
        
        deepest sleep stage,
        least responsive to outside
        
        REM
        
        20% sleeping time,
        muscles appear paralyzed,
        vivid dreaming
        rebound effect if deprived -> more time in rem than normal
      - y sleep?
        
        Evolutionary perspective: energy conservation
        
        Restorative function
        
        Synthesis function
        
        brain needs time to synthesize new experience and knowledge,
        during sleep, brain actively data analysis, strengthen memories
        
        sleep amount varies among ppl, many sleep in 8-9 hrs
        
        Sleep deprivation
        
        Mood decline
        
        Depleted cognitive performance
        
        non sleep-deprived group perform better
        
        sleep debt
        
        when dun get enough sleeping time, accumulate sleep debt
        which only can reduce by sleeping more
        
        sleep homeostat: increase sleeping tendency, proportion to sleep debt
      - Sleep disturbances
        
        nightmares
        
        anxious dream -> wake up, from rem sleep,
        difficult get back to sleep,
        more stress in life, more nightmares
        
        night terrors
        
        abrupt awakenings from non-rem sleep by intense autonomic arousal
        more frequent in children, a temporary pb
        
        insomnia
        
        difficult to get enough sleep
        
        cause by health problems, excessive anxiety and tension, emotional problems, use of drugs (especially stimulants), situational factors (work shift, jet lag時差, poor sleep environment)
        
        20%
        
        Sleep apnea
        
        Difficulty breathing while sleeping
        
        Central sleep apnea
        
        brain ceases to send signals to diaphragm
        
        Upper-airway/obstructive sleep apnea
        
        loud snoring
        
        muscle
        
        Sleep fragmentation, loss rem sleep
        
        Narcolepsy
        
        Uncontrollable sleeping occurring suddenly,
        during normal waking periods
        
        directly from wakefulness to REM sleep, short period
        
        Genetic basis
    - - Psychoactive drugs
        
        influence a person’s emotions, perceptions, and behavior
        
        coffee and beer,
      - Addictive drugs
        
        a biological or psychological dependence
        
        withdrawal leads to cravings
      - Psychological dependence
        
        accustomed, person believes he or she cannot function without it
      - y drugs
        
        all ages: avoid discomfort of its absence
        youngers: peer influence
        
        boys: avoid discomfort
        girls: relief
      - Stimulants
        
        arousal effect on the central nervous system,
        e.g increase heart rate
        
        e.g caffeine, cocaine
      - Depressants
        
        that slow down the nervous system
        
        e.g alcohol
      - Narcotics
        
        increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety
      - Hallucinogens
        
        producing hallucinations
- - - - causes people to experience distress and prevents them functioning in daily lives
      - but some have psycho pbs also can succeed
      - phobias
        
        agoraphobia: fear open space
        
        Arachnophobia: spider
        
        acrophobia : fear height
        
        Cynophobia: dogs
        
        Mysophobia: germs/ dirt
        
        Ophidiophobia: snakes
        
        Trypanophobia: injections
        
        Social phobias: social
    - - we have standard behaviors in society, but can be changed across time and cultures
    - - lead to negative psychological consequences (anxious,stress)
        but someone feels good when they have mental disturbance, even bahave bizarrely
    - - US, insane, e.g someone cannot understand the right /wrong things
    - - Behavioral perspective
        
        male homosexuality is crime and illegal, but not female (consider no existence)
        
        what u do is mainly focused rather than what u think,
        so may ignore inner world that contribute to abnormal behavior
      - Cognitive perspective
        
        People’s thoughts and beliefs are key of making abnormal behavior
        while cognitive is only symptoms / results, not cause
      - medical perspective
        
        abnormal behaviors may be the root of physiological caused, e.g hormone imbalance
        
        no bio cause have been identified
      - Humanistic perspective
        
        responsible to our behavior
      - socio cultural perceptive
        
        not easy to be isolated, since many areas are associated it
        
        ppl behavior is shaped by family, society, culture in which they live,
        e.g children who have depressed parent have high chance to suffer disorder
    - - DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)
        
        use DSM to study disorders and the causes
        
        (medical perceptive) psysio disorder cause phycho disorder
        
        inflexible categories
        
        only descriptive, not cause
    - - homosexuality
        
        included in DSM-I -> remove from DSM-II (active gay community in the United States) -> added to DSM-III (ego-dystonic homosexuality) -> finally remove entirely
        
        HK is the first asian-countries having gay games
        
        homosex perception changing across time and countries
      - disorder varies across cultures
        
        major adult disorders: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and anxiety disorders
        
        most common: depression, second common: alcohol dependence -> multiple disorder in the same time
        
        Economic disparities in treatment
        
        richer -> better treatment
        
        anxiety disorders
        
        feeling of tension, physical change (blood pressure increased)
        
        good: may help ppl preparing better,
        but if too much-> affect daily functioning
        
        types
        
        panic disorder
        
        panic attacks lasting
        
        feeling dangers, with physio symptoms, e.g rapid breathing
        
        patients dun know what triggers panic
        
        obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
        
        repeated to reduce anxiety,
        (obsession and compulsions)
        
        phobic disorder
        
        fear specific things
        
        generalized anxiety disorder
        
        persistent anxious (free-floating anxiety)
        
        symbols: cannot relax, difficult to focus,etc
        
        causes
        
        Genetic perspective
        
        identical twins more than fraternal twins
        
        Behavioral perspective
        
        acquired through conditioning
        
        reinforce avoidance behavior
        
        Cognitive perspective
        
        misinterpreting harmless thing to threatening, too focus on threats
        
        mood disorder
        
        disturbance in emotion
        
        types
        
        major depression
        
        emotion, behavior(not interested anything), cognition, body function(tired)
        
        bipolar disorder
        
        alternates between euphoria(mania) and depression
        
        mania: mood skyreockets, wild elation
        
        female > male, two times, women are more vulnerable, because double duty, rise in puberty (hormones),
        
        perceptive
        
        gene
        
        identical twins higher
        
        Behavioral perspective
        
        if depressive behavior attention by others, reinforces
        
        Cognitive perspective
        
        everyone receive distress but not all feel depressed (ppl over focus on sth bad to themselves)
        
        Personality disorders
        
        inflexible, maladaptive behavior -> ppl cannot function in society
        
        personal distress
        
        borderline
        
        unstable, intensity, impulsive, fear abandonment so frantic behavior-> many phone calls, difficult to control anger, lead to self-destructive
        
        cause by gene, childhood traumatic event
        
        narcissistic
        
        exaggerated sense of self-importance
        
        expect special treatment from others
        
        antisocial
        
        irresponsible, unlawful, or deviant behavior, no moral
        
        caused by gene, childhood event, pbs in family, experience
      - childhood disorders
        
        ADHD
        
        caused by low levels of arousal in the central nervous system
        
        frustration, inattention, impulsiveness, unsuitable (deviant) bahavior
        
        Autism spectrum disorder
        
        disrupt children to form social bonds
        
        limit use of language
        
        narrow interest
        
        unable to develop others mind, cannot understand others view
      - Schizophrenia
        
        distortion of reality occurs
        
        disturbance of thought and language
        
        use language in peculiar way
        
        Delusions
        
        firmly held, unshakable beliefs with no basis in reality
        
        Hallucinations
        
        percive things not actually exist
        
        obscured sense of their bodies
        
        emotional disturbance
        
        displaying inappropriate emotions, e.g Laughing at a funeral
        
        withdrawal
        
        no interested to anything, no chat with others, in own isolated world
        
        cause
        
        gene
        
        twins > parents
        
        Sociocultural perspective
        
        Communication deviance from family, e.g heavy use unusual words
        
        Expressed emotion
        
        interaction by criticism, hostility敵意, intrusiveness from family
- - - - Personal stressors
        
        major life event, immediate consequence but fade with time,
        e.g family die, marriage, graduation
      - effect of catalysmic & personal
        
        PTSD (Posttraumatic stress disorder)
        
        cannot be recovered easily
        
        long-lasting negative effect,
        e.g sleep difficulties, interpersonal pbs
      - Cataclysmic events
        
        occurs suddenly & affect many ppls,
        e.g natural disasters
        
        easy to recover
      - background stressors
        
        Everyday annoyances, traffic, annoying rm
    - - Hans Selye
        
        Alarm and mobilization
        (aware stressor)
        
        resistance
        (prepare/ find means to cope with)
        
        exhaustion
        (negative results when stress appear)
    - - physiological effects
        
        increase heart rate, hormone secretions, skin conductance
        
        if short term, can be adaptive
        because mobilize body to cope with
        
        if continued exposure-> decline body overall function, deteriorate body issue, easy to get ill
      - Psychophysiological disorders
        
        Medical problems affected by psycho, emotion & physical,
        e.g skin rashes, high blood pressure, constipation
    - - learned helplessness
        
        cease to try solve pbs even they can
      - resilience恢復力
        
        ability to overcome after profound adversity
      - coping
        
        efforts to deal with threats that lead to stress
        
        Emotion-focused coping
        
        when we cannot change the situation,
        we only can do is to manage the emotion
        
        Problem-focused coping
        
        used when pbs can be changed
        
        Avoidant coping
        
        avoid the problems, not think / focus on the reality
        
        Wishful thinking
        
        Direct escape route
        
        may worsens the pbs
        
        social support
        
        emotional
        
        feel that i am important in society
        
        info
        
        materialistic
      - Practice gratitude
        
        keep some things making great satisfaction
        
        Exterior gratitude
        
        publicly thanks someone
        
        Interior gratitude
        
        thanks someone privately
      - oxytocin: cuddle hormone